tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59572822024-02-19T06:10:44.951+01:00LawPunditInformation Technology, Intellectual Property Law, Constitutional LawUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger404125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-61580558963112140312022-03-19T15:06:00.002+01:002022-03-21T16:13:34.789+01:00History of Astronomy: Serrania de la Lindosa Colombia South America Rock Art Wall Painting Section Deciphered as a Sky Map of the Southern Stars ca. 3000 B.C.<p style="text-align: justify;">At CNN, Katie Hunt this month in her article <br /><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/07/americas/rock-art-colombia-scn/index.html" target="_blank">Controversial rock art may depict extinct giants of the ice age</a><br />featured a section of the rock art wall paintings of Serrania de la Lindosa<br />in the Colombian Amazon rainforest,<br />an image of which section of rock art can be found at:</p><p><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/220307082103-01-rock-art-colombia-scn-exlarge-169.jpg&source=gmail&ust=1647779933328000&usg=AOvVaw0tiQMylVBU_wxJ9tJnvAn8" href="https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/220307082103-01-rock-art-colombia-scn-exlarge-169.jpg" target="_blank">https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/<wbr></wbr>dam/assets/220307082103-01-<wbr></wbr>rock-art-colombia-scn-exlarge-<wbr></wbr>169.jpg<br /></a></p><p>We have deciphered that particular section of the wall painting below, finding it to be astronomical in nature and -- via the painted figures -- to depict the starry sky of the night as a sky map of the southern stars as seen from the wall painting Colombian location. </p><p>Below is our decipherment, comparing the wall painting to what we allege are the comparable stars depicted, as shown by our clip of the comparable heavens using <a href="https://starrynight.com/starry-night-8-professional-astronomy-telescope-control-software.html" target="_blank">Starry Night Pro astronomy software</a> (click on the image for a larger graphic);<br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWuc-wmsd3PZJnctndZn4Lzey21OyCGMG5ExNLquCADHo32HbQB0r4T071lP4U_EiIdWGF1voFB1QH9282ldQCm9vpOBSZH4PnezFHOPf4lIvBzCabpNaUIc0ZTZTMe0Ak0Lo6cx5sKRhZuW9DvTTqUGKwMvvZmSXkXVuyH_DIrxsgEpZSjiY=s992" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="867" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWuc-wmsd3PZJnctndZn4Lzey21OyCGMG5ExNLquCADHo32HbQB0r4T071lP4U_EiIdWGF1voFB1QH9282ldQCm9vpOBSZH4PnezFHOPf4lIvBzCabpNaUIc0ZTZTMe0Ak0Lo6cx5sKRhZuW9DvTTqUGKwMvvZmSXkXVuyH_DIrxsgEpZSjiY=w559-h640" width="559" /></a></div><p></p><p>In our opinion, the alleged age of the wall painting(s) by mainstream academia as being more than 12000 years old is extremely doubtful, expecially since the stars of Sagittarius seem to be clearly depicted as a horse-mounted rider, which is a much more recent rendering of the stars of that stellar constellation.</p><p>Based upon the wall painting's portrayal of the southern stars with Crux at the approximate horizontal middle of the painting, and taking into account the scope of the painting as running from approximately Canis Major on the left to Sagittarius and Scorpio on the right, which latter approximately mark the Autumn Equinox ca. 3000 B.C., we consider a date in that much later ambit to be far more likely.<br /></p><p>Please note: the label for the stars of Ophiuchus was inadvertently pushed
upward when adding text to the image. It should be lower to the right
below Scorpius, where there is a large head profile. It will be corrected when we can get back to image work.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-18759058386158373062022-02-18T17:49:00.002+01:002022-02-19T13:24:50.956+01:00Rule of Law Conditionality Mechanism for Member States of the European Union Upheld by the EU Court of Justice, Rejecting Court Actions by Hungary and Poland: What Does This Mean for the EU?<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
Which European Union (EU) Member States are qualified to obtain EU money?
<br /><br />
The EU's official judicial answer is now clear:<br />only those Member States that respect "the Rule of Law".</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">See in this regard the EuroNews.com article at <a href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/02/16/ecj-to-rule-on-whether-eu-cash-handouts-can-be-made-conditional" target="_blank">ECJ [European Court of Justice] rules in favour of making EU cash handouts conditional on a country's respect for rule of law</a> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">and the <a href="https://www.euronews.com/embed/1841746" target="_blank">article video here</a>.<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The decision-making court in the case, the <a href="https://curia.europa.eu/" target="_blank">EU Court of Justice</a>, the European Union's highest court, was <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ECJ?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw" target="_blank">tweeted</a> at </span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://twitter.com/EUCourtPress" target="_blank">Twitter</a> </span>via the EUCourtPress as follows:
<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></p><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p dir="ltr" lang="en"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/ECJ?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#ECJ</a> rejects the actions brought by <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Hungary?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Hungary</a> and <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Poland?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Poland</a> against the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/EUBudget?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#EUBudget</a> conditionality mechanism on the respect of the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/RuleOfLaw?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#RuleOfLaw</a> by Member States <a href="https://twitter.com/Europarl_EN?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@Europarl_EN</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/EUCouncil?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@EUCouncil</a></span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />— EU Court of Justice (@EUCourtPress) <a href="https://twitter.com/EUCourtPress/status/1493867592653680641?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 16, 2022</a></span></span></span></p></blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
The </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">ultimate consequences of this </span></span>decision by the EU Court of Justice on the EU application of the "Rule of Law Conditionality Mechanism" are still unclear, although the holding has potentially unsettling ramifications for the European Union, exposing problematical differences between "East" and "West" Member States in their views on democracy and sovereignty. How are these differences to be remedied in a healthy union?<br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">As written at EuroNews.com:<br /><br /></span></span><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">"<span style="color: #0b5394;">How did the ECJ case come about?</span></span></span><span style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></span><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Budapest [Hungary] and Warsaw [Poland] brought the legal action against the European Parliament and the EU Council, the bloc's two co-legislators, in early 2021.</span></span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></span><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">During the legal case, the institutions were supported by interventions from the European Commission, which drafted the original proposal, as well as from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Spain, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden [all Member States in the West].</span>" [material in brackets added]</span></span><br /></div></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The "Rule of Law" question decided by the EU Court of Justice can also be seen as significant in view of the current Ukraine situation as regards Russia and NATO. Ukraine is located on the ancient trade route between East and West. It is a place of geopolitical conflict historically.<br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">See in this regard: </span></span><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Jonathan Masters, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia" target="_blank">Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br /></li><li><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">NATO Multimedia Library, LibGuide, <a href="https://natolibguides.info/nato-russia/controversy" target="_blank">NATO-Russia Relations, About the Controversy over the 'NATO Expansion' Point during Reunification Negotiations</a><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Michael Mccgwire and Michael Clarke, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229781976_NATO_expansion_%27a_policy_error_of_historic_importance%27" target="_blank">NATO expansion: ‘a policy error of historic importance’</a>, International Affairs, October 2008, 84(6):1281 - 1301, DOI: <a href="http://10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00769.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00769.x</a></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> </span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-40882633144756584022022-02-15T13:42:00.004+01:002022-02-19T13:49:31.080+01:00Wissenschaftsforschung und die Rolle von Memen und Memetik: Was definiert die wahre Wahrheit? A Stunningly Good Google Translate German Language Translation of the English LawPundit Original Posting<p style="text-align: justify;">In the right column of LawPundit, we offer the Google Translator for readers wishing to view our LawPundit postings translated into one or more languages of their choosing.</p><p>However, it has been quite some time since we ourselves have given Google Translate a look. Much has happened in the interim.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some years ago, the Google Translate translations of LawPundit postings were at best "moderately useful", but required substantial manual editing to obtain sufficient accuracy.
Accordingly, it occurred to us recently that we should look anew at Google Translate translations of LawPundit postings for the two languages other than English that we ourselves speak fluently, German and Latvian.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The following translations (one here and one in the previous posting) are thus samples of Google Translate today, that we hope are representative for other languages as well. The translations are stunningly good, providing very useful results, but with a few exceptions, that in part surely depend on the writing clarity or unclarity of the original text.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One practical feature of Google Translate translations that we like is also that, when the reader hovers the mouse over a Google Translate translation of online material, the original text of the sentence underneath the mouse is shown in a text box. Try it out.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Below is the Google Translate German translation, without substantial subsequent editing </b>[a few manual edits in brackets]<b>,</b> of <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2022/02/science-research-and-role-of-memes-and.html" target="_blank">Science Research and the Role of Memes and Memetics : What Defines the Real Truth?</a> with that title translated by Google Translate into German as <b>Wissenschaftsforschung und die Rolle von Memen und Memetik: Was definiert die wahre Wahrheit?</b> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"Als Absolvent der juristischen Fakultät der Stanford University war der vorliegende Autor erfreut, im Scientific American at <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-research-needs-an-overhaul/" target="_blank">Science Research Needs an Overhaul</a> zu lesen, dass John P.A. Ioannidis vor einigen Jahren ein neues Zentrum an der Stanford University namens <a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">METRICS</a> ("the <a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford</a>") [etabliert hat], um das kostspielige Problem anzugehen, dass viel Mainstream-Forschung verschwendet wird.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ioannidis zitiert die führende medizinische Zeitschrift The Lancet, die behauptet, dass diese „Verschwendung“ sogar für 85 % der medizinischen Forschung gilt, einer sogenannten „harten“ Wissenschaft.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Wie schlecht steht es dann in den Soft Sciences, wo der Beweisstandard wahrscheinlich niedriger ist als in der medizinischen Forschung?</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Ioannidis schreibt, dass das METRICS-Zentrum:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: medium;">„Ich werde versuchen, Forschungspraktiken zu untersuchen, und zu untersuchen wie diese optimiert werden können. Es wird die besten Mittel zur Gestaltung von Forschungsprotokollen und -agenden untersuchen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Ergebnisse keine Sackgassen sind, sondern vielmehr einen Weg nach vorne ebnen. Das Zentrum wird dies tun [...], indem Sie untersuchen, was die besten Möglichkeiten sind, um wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zuverlässiger und effizienter zu gestalten."</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Diese Entwicklung begrüßen wir ausdrücklich.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wir sind seit Jahren mit leichtgläubigen, uninformierten und eigensinnigen Menschen innerhalb und außerhalb der Wissenschaft konfrontiert, die die nahezu Unfehlbarkeit von Mainstream-Ideen und Forschungsmethoden verkünden, und wir haben wirklich wenig Geduld für solche Torheiten.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Da wir selbst Forschung an der Universität gelehrt haben, wissen wir aus Erfahrung, dass genau das Gegenteil von dem gilt, was die Wissenschaft behauptet...</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">und wahr ist, dass viel von dem, was in der Wissenschaft erforscht wird, und das als Ergebnis dieser Forschung veröffentlichte Peer-Reviews eine kostspielige Zeitverschwendung sind und die Wissenschaft oft in die falsche Richtung führen. Der Peer-Review-Prozess existiert teilweise, um die Federn der amtierenden Behörden aufzuplustern. „Wahrheit“ ist Nebensache.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ein Hauptgrund für diese Torheiten der „wissenschaftlichen Forschung“, wie wir immer wieder geschrieben haben, ist, dass die Wissenschaft in der Vergangenheit überwiegend „autoritätsbasiert“ war, dh nicht das „Was“, sondern das „Wer“. bestimmt die Wahrheit in der Wissenschaft, und diese veraltete Praxis hat zu massiven Fehlern geführt. Vor dem Anbruch der Moderne war eine „autoritätsbasierte“ Wissenschaft notwendig, da Autoritäten die wichtigsten Wissensspeicher waren. Aber das hat sich in der Neuzeit stark geändert.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Schauen Sie sich nur die COVID-19-Coronavirus-Pandemie an, bei der die etablierten Wissenschaften in den letzten zwei Jahren trotz heldenhafter Bemühungen ihre Schwierigkeiten hatten. Die „Wissenschaft“ hätte besser auf die Pandemie vorbereitet sein müssen, als sie es war. Warum nicht?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Eine Verschiebung des Fokus der Wissenschaft ist unbedingt erforderlich. Die vorherrschenden Standards der Vergangenheit, als sogenannte "Autoritäten" die Wissenschaft beherrschten, sind heute in unserem digitalen Zeitalter, in dem jeder, der will, fast alles, was er will, online nachschlagen kann, oft fehl am Platz. Letzten Endes ist eine Autorität heute nur noch eine Meinung. Um eine sicherere menschliche Zukunft zu gewährleisten, muss die Wissenschaft von morgen auf bekannten Tatsachen beruhen, nicht auf bekannten Autoritäten.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">„Evidence-Based Research“ muss in unserem digitalen Zeitalter oberste Priorität haben.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Veraltete Memes müssen langsam aufgegeben werden.</b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Aber was sind <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-defines-a-meme-1904778/" target="_blank">Meme</a>?</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank">Meme</a> ist ein Begriff, der von Richard Dawkins, emeritierter Professor für Public Understanding of Science an der Universität Oxford in England, geprägt wurde.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Meme werden allgemein als „ nachgebildete Ideen, Symbole oder Praktiken “ definiert.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wir sehen Meme als Beschreibung des Standes der Mainstream-Wissenschaft zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt und als Erklärung für viele ihrer Abweichungen. Meme verhalten sich wie Viren (oder Gene).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Ein <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank">Meme</a> wird bei Wikipedia wie folgt definiert:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">„“ <span style="color: #cc0000;">[Ein]e Idee, Verhaltensweise oder Stilrichtung, die sich innerhalb einer Kultur von Person zu Person verbreitet.</span>„ <span style="color: #0b5394;">Ein Meme fungiert als eine Einheit, um kulturelle Ideen, Symbole oder Praktiken zu transportieren, die durch Schreiben, Sprache, Gesten, Rituale oder andere nachahmbare Phänomene mit einem nachgeahmten Thema von einem Geist zum anderen übertragen werden können. Befürworter des Konzepts betrachten Meme als kulturelle Analoga zu Genen, da sie sich selbst replizieren, mutieren und auf Selektionsdruck reagieren ... Das Wort Meme wurde vom britischen Evolutionsbiologen Richard Dawkins geprägt ... als Konzept zur Diskussion evolutionärer Prinzipien zur Erklärung der Verbreitung von Ideen und kulturelle Phänomene. Beispiele für Meme, die [in The Selfish Gene] gegeben wurden, waren Melodien, Schlagworte, Mode und die Technologie des Baus von Bögen.</span>"</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Was in der Wissenschaft normalerweise als „Schule des Denkens“ bezeichnet wird, ist unserer Ansicht nach genauer als „<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem" target="_blank">Mem</a>“ definiert, da „Denken“ oft nichts damit zu tun hat. Vielmehr verankern sich Ideen, zu Recht oder zu Unrecht, in verschiedenen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen und verbreiten sich, als hätten sie ein Eigenleben. Dasselbe gilt für Politik und Religion. Die Leute glauben Dinge aus Gewohnheit, mehr nicht.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Die Wahrheit ist überhaupt nicht das Problem.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Vielmehr, wie bei Wikipedia über <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics" target="_blank">Memetics</a> geschrieben:</span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">„<b>Memetik<span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></b><span style="color: #0b5394;">ist eine Theorie des mentalen Inhalts, die auf einer Analogie zur darwinistischen Evolution basiert.... Befürworter beschreiben die Memetik als eine Annäherung an evolutionäre Modelle der kulturellen Informationsübertragung auf seinen Beitrag zur Leistungsfähigkeit seines Gastgebers zurückzuführen sein.</span>"</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dementsprechend und im Gegensatz zu der Vorstellung, dass „Wahrheit“ das Ziel in der Wissenschaft oder anderswo ist, halten Menschen tatsächlich an einer bestimmten Idee, Denkschule, kulturellen Praxis oder Religion fest, [weil die Anhänger eines bestimmten Mems es als Vorteil für die Inhaber dieses Mems wahrnehmen.].
Dieses grundlegende Verständnis hilft, viele Abweichungen zu erklären, die in der Wissenschaft entdeckt werden können, wobei [angeblich] "rationale" Menschen an längst überholten Ideen und Sichtweisen festhalten, oft im Widerspruch zu den verfügbaren Beweisen.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Wir schauen auf die beweiskräftigen Beweise!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Das macht unsere Arbeit aus."</span></p><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-67203358343657696602022-02-15T12:46:00.002+01:002022-02-19T13:45:04.841+01:00Zinātnes pētījumi un mēmu un memētikas loma: kas nosaka patieso patiesību? Science Research and the Role of Memes and Memetics : What Defines the Real Truth? Google Translate Latvian Language Translation from LawPundit <p style="text-align: justify;">In
the right column of LawPundit, we offer the Google Translator for
readers wishing to view our LawPundit postings translated into one or
more languages of their choosing.</p><p>However, it has been quite some time since we ourselves have given Google Translate a look. Much has happened in the interim.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some
years ago, the Google Translate translations of LawPundit postings were
at best "moderately useful", but required substantial manual editing to
obtain sufficient accuracy.
Accordingly, it occurred to us recently that we should look anew at
Google Translate translations of LawPundit postings for the two
languages other than English that we ourselves speak fluently, German
and Latvian.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The
following translations (one here and one in the posting following) are
thus samples of Google Translate today, that we hope are representative
for other languages as well. The translations are stunningly good,
providing very useful results, but with a few exceptions, that in part
surely depend on the writing clarity or unclarity of the original text.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One
practical feature of Google Translate translations that we like is also
that, when the reader hovers the mouse over a Google Translate
translation of online material, the original text of the sentence
underneath the mouse is shown in a text box. Try it out.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Below is the Google Translate Latvian translation, without substantial subsequent editing</b> [minor edits in brackets]<b>,</b> of <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2022/02/science-research-and-role-of-memes-and.html" target="_blank">Science Research and the Role of Memes and Memetics : What Defines the Real Truth?</a> with that title translated by Google Translate into Latvian as <b>Zinātnes pētījumi un mēmu un memētikas loma: kas nosaka patieso patiesību?</b> <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"<span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Būdams
Stanfordas Universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes absolvents, pašreizējais
autors ar prieku lasīja žurnālā Scientific American pie </span></span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-research-needs-an-overhaul/" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Science Research Needs an Overhaul</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, ka Džons PA Joannidis pirms dažiem gadiem līdzdibināja jaunu centru Stanfordas Universitātē ar nosaukumu </span></span><a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">METRICS</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ("</span></span><a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Meta-pētniecība". </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Inovāciju centrs Stanfordā</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ), lai risinātu dārgo problēmu, ka liela daļa galveno pētījumu tiek izšķiesti</span></span>.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ioannidis
atsaucas uz vadošo medicīnas periodisko izdevumu The Lancet, kas
apgalvo, ka šie "atkritumi" attiecas pat uz 85% medicīnas pētījumu, tā
saukto "cieto" zinātni.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Cik slikti tad ir lietas mīkstajās zinātnēs, kur pierādījumu standarts, iespējams, ir zemāks nekā medicīniskajos pētījumos?</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Ioannidis raksta, ka METRICS centrs:</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"</span></span><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēģināsim
izpētīt pētniecības praksi un to, kā to var optimizēt. Tajā tiks
pārbaudīti labākie līdzekļi pētniecības protokolu un programmu
izstrādei, lai nodrošinātu, ka rezultāti nav strupceļi, bet gan bruģē
ceļu uz priekšu. Dariet to, izpētot, kādi ir labākie veidi, kā padarīt
zinātnisko izpēti uzticamāku un efektīvāku</span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> .</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēs ar entuziasmu atzinīgi vērtējam šo attīstību.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēs
gadiem ilgi esam saskārušies ar lētticīgiem, neinformētiem un
[pašpārliecinātiem] cilvēkiem gan zinātnē, gan ārpus tās, kas sludina galveno
ideju un pētniecības metožu gandrīz nekļūdīgumu, un mums patiešām ir maz
pacietības pret šādām muļķībām.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Paši mācīdami pētniecību universitātes līmenī, no pieredzes zinām, ka patiesība ir tieši pretēja tam, ko apgalvo zinātne...</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">un
patiesība ir tāda, ka liela daļa no tā, kas tiek pētīts zinātnē, un tas
ir salīdzinošais pārskats, kas publicēts šo pētījumu rezultātā, ir
dārga laika izšķiešana un bieži vien virza zinātni nepareizā virzienā. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Salīdzinošās pārskatīšanas process daļēji ir paredzēts, lai izpūstu valdošo iestāžu spalvas. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Patiesība" ir sekundāra lieta.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Viens
no galvenajiem iemesliem šīm "zinātniskās izpētes" muļķībām, kā mēs
esam vairākkārt rakstījuši, ir tas, ka zinātne pagātnē galvenokārt bija
"balstīta uz autoritātēm", t.i., nevis "kas", bet gan "kurš" nosaka
patiesību zinātnē, un šī novecojusi prakse ir radījusi milzīgas kļūdas. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pirms
modernā laikmeta rītausmas "uz autoritātēm balstīta" zinātne bija
nepieciešama, jo autoritātes bija galvenā zināšanu krātuve. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bet mūsdienu laikmetā tas ir ļoti mainījies.</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Paskatieties
uz COVID-19 koronavīrusa pandēmiju, kurā, neraugoties uz varonīgajiem
centieniem, pēdējos divos gados ir bijušas grūtības iedibinātajām
zinātnēm. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Zinātnei" vajadzēja būt labāk sagatavotai pandēmijai, nekā tā bija. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Kāpēc tā nebija?</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Zinātnes fokusa maiņa ir absolūti nepieciešama. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pagātnē
dominējošie standarti, kad zinātnē valdīja tā sauktās "autoritātes",
pašlaik mūsu digitālajā laikmetā bieži vien ir nevietā, kad ikviens, kas
vēlas, tiešsaistē var meklēt gandrīz visu, ko vēlas. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Pēdējā analīzē viena autoritāte šodien ir tikai vēl viens viedoklis. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Lai nodrošinātu drošāku cilvēka nākotni, rītdienas zinātnei ir jābalstās uz zināmiem faktiem, nevis uz zināmām autoritātēm.</span></span><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mūsu digitālajā laikmetā galvenā prioritāte ir jāpiešķir "uz pierādījumiem balstītai izpētei".</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">No novecojušiem mēmiem ir lēnām jāatsakās.</span></span></span><br /></b></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Bet kas ir </span></span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-defines-a-meme-1904778/" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">mēmes</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ?</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēms</span></span></b></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">
ir termins, ko ieviesis Ričards Dokinss, Oksfordas universitātes
Anglijā emeritētais profesors sabiedrības izpratnes jautājumos par
zinātni.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēmas parasti tiek definētas kā "</span></span><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">atkārtotas idejas, simboli vai prakse</span></span></b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">".</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēs uzskatām, ka mēmi apraksta galvenās zinātnes stāvokli jebkurā laikā un izskaidro daudzas tās novirzes. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēmas darbojas kā vīrusi (vai gēni).</span></span><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēma </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Vikipēdijā</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> ir definēta kā:</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">""</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">[Ideja, uzvedība vai stils, kas kultūras ietvaros izplatās no cilvēka uz cilvēku. </span></span></span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"Mēma
darbojas kā kultūras ideju, simbolu vai prakses vienība, ko var pārnest
no viena prāta uz otru, izmantojot rakstīšanu, runu, žestus, rituālus
vai citas atdarināmas parādības ar atdarinātu tēmu. Koncepcijas
atbalstītāji uzskata, ka mēmes ir kultūras analogi gēniem, jo tie paši
replikējas, mutē un reaģē uz selektīvu spiedienu... Vārdu mēms ieviesa
britu evolūcijas biologs Ričards Dokinss [Richard Dawkins] ... kā jēdzienu diskusijām par
evolūcijas principiem, izskaidrojot ideju izplatību un kultūras
parādības. Mēmu piemēri, kas sniegti [izdevumā The Selfish Gene],
ietvēra melodijas, īstās frāzes, modi un arku veidošanas tehnoloģiju."</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mūsuprāt,
to, ko akadēmiskajā vidē parasti sauc par "domu skolu", precīzāk definē
kā "mēmu", jo "domai" bieži nav nekā kopīga ar to. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Drīzāk idejas, pareizi vai nepareizi, iesakņojas dažādās zinātnes disciplīnās un izplatās tā, it kā tām būtu sava dzīve. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tas pats attiecas uz politiku un reliģiju. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Cilvēki tic lietām aiz ieraduma, nekam vairāk.</span></span><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Patiesība nemaz nav problēma.</span></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Drīzāk, kā rakstīts Wikipedia par </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics" target="_blank"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Memetics</span></span></a><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"> : </span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">"</span></span><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Memētika</span></span></b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">
ir garīgā satura teorija, kas balstīta uz analoģiju ar Darvina
evolūciju... Piekritēji apraksta memetiku kā pieeju kultūras
informācijas nodošanas evolūcijas modeļiem... Tāpat kā ģenētikā, īpaši
Dokinsa [Dawkins] interpretācijā, mēma panākumi var būt tas ir saistīts ar tā
ieguldījumu tās saimnieka efektivitātē.</span>"</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Attiecīgi
un pretēji priekšstatam, ka "patiesība" ir mērķis zinātnē vai citur,
cilvēki tādējādi faktiski pieturas pie dotas idejas, domas skolas,
kultūras prakses vai reliģijas </span></span><span style="color: red;"><i><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">, jo konkrētas mēmas piekritēji to uztver kā tādu, kas nodrošina tās turētājus tas mēms ar priekšrocībām.</span></span></i></span></b> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Šī
būtiskā izpratne palīdz izskaidrot daudzas novirzes, kuras var atklāt
zinātnē, jo, domājams, "racionālie" cilvēki stingri turas pie sen
novecojušām idejām un veidiem, kā uz lietām skatīties, kas bieži ir
pretrunā ar pieejamajiem pierādījumiem.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mēs skatāmies uz pierādījumiem! </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Tas ir tas, kas nosaka mūsu darbu.</span></span></span></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-62600960023309891762022-02-12T16:50:00.003+01:002022-02-12T16:50:51.513+01:00The Roots of Law: Prehistoric Mankind's Primary Technologies Were Rooted in Astronomy and the Prevailing Economies Were Based on Land and Property, Mapped via the StarsPrehistoric Mankind's Primary Technologies Were Rooted in Astronomy and the Prevailing Economies Were Based on Land and Property, Mapped via the Stars<br /><p style="text-align: justify;">To understand the development of human civilization, it is important to recognize that mankind's first "scientific" technologies were arguably based on primitive "stargazing", i.e. what we modernly call "astronomy".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No less a thinker than Bertrand Russell wrote in <a href="https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/human-knowledge/author/russell-bertrand/" target="_blank">Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits</a> (Simon and Schuster, Clarion Books, New York, 1948) that:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences, and the contemplation of the heavens, with their periodic regularities, gave men their first conceptions of natural law."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Furthermore, there is a direct connection to astronomy in terms of both land survey and land or sea navigation, as written at the Wikipedia under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying" target="_blank">Surveying</a>:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"The primary way of determining one's position on the earth's surface when no known positions are nearby is by astronomic observations. Observations to the sun, moon and stars could all be made using navigational techniques. Once the instrument's position and bearing to a star is determined, the bearing can be transferred to a reference point on the earth and which can then be used as a base for further observations. Survey-accurate astronomic positions were difficult to observe and calculate and so tended to be a base off which many other measurements were made. Since the advent of the GPS system, astronomic observations are rare as GPS allows positions to be determined adequately over most of the surface of the earth."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since human survival has at all times depended on either ownership or control of actual physical territory on our planet Earth, that same astronomy served as the simplest way to map out that territory, with maps made to mirror the ever-present and ready-made sky map of the heavens, "as above, so below".</p><p>At our <a href="http://www.megaliths.net/">Megaliths.net</a> website on megalithic cultures we have written:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"As observed by Alice Cunningham Fletcher (Alice C. Fletcher) in her 1902 publication in the American Anthropologist, there is ample evidence that some ancient cultures, e.g. the Pawnee in Nebraska, geographically located their villages according to patterns seen in stars of the heavens. Fletcher, A. C. (1902), Star Cult Among the Pawnee – A Preliminary Report, American Anthropologist, 4:730–736. doi:10.1525/aa.1902.4.4.02a00050."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">To the importance of astronomy for ancient peoples we can add timekeeping, as written some time ago at <a href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/observational-astronomy/timekeeping" target="_blank">Curious About Astronomy</a>:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"In ancient times, the practical need for timekeeping and navigation was one of the primary reasons for the study of astronomy. The celestial origins of timekeeping and navigation are still evident."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In spite of the above observations, anthropologists and archaeologists worldwide generally proceed in their academic work as if the ancients knew more or less nothing of astronomy and, furthermore, placed little or no importance upon it for land survey, navigation, timekeeping and chronology, whereas the probative evidence that we have increasingly found presents exactly the opposite picture.</p><p>Astronomy DOMINATED the ancient world, and was in this manner at the root of human legal systems and societies, in mapping land and property on Earth.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-92211579409213408212022-02-12T16:02:00.000+01:002022-02-12T16:02:15.782+01:00Science Research and the Role of Memes and Memetics : What Defines the Real Truth?<p style="text-align: justify;">As a Stanford University Law School graduate, the present author was pleased to read in the Scientific American at <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/science-research-needs-an-overhaul/" target="_blank">Science Research Needs an Overhaul</a>, that John P. A. Ioannidis some years ago co-founded a new center at Stanford University called <a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">METRICS</a> ("the <a href="https://metrics.stanford.edu/" target="_blank">Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford</a>") to deal with the costly problem that much mainstream research is wasted.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ioannidis cites to leading medical periodical, The Lancet, which avers that this "waste" applies even to 85% of medical research, a so-called "hard" science.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">How bad are things then in the soft sciences, where the standard of proof is likely lower than in medical research?</p><p>Ioannidis writes that the METRICS center:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;">"<span style="color: #0b5394;">[W]ill seek to study research practices and how these can be optimized. It will examine the best means of designing research protocols and agendas to ensure that the results are not dead ends but rather that they pave a path forward. The center will do so by exploring what are the best ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient.</span>"</p><p>We enthusiastically applaud this development.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We have been confronted for years by gullible, uninformed, and opinionated people in and out of science proclaiming the near infallibility of mainstream ideas and research methods and we really have little patience for such follies.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Having taught research ourselves at the university level, we know from experience that exactly the opposite of what is claimed by science is true...</p><p style="text-align: justify;">and what is true is that much of what is researched in science and that is peer-review published as a result of that research is a costly waste of time and often leads science in the wrong directions. The peer-review process exists in part to fluff the feathers of the reigning authorities. "Truth" is a secondary matter.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One main reason for these follies of "scientific research", as we have written time and time again, is that science in the past has been predominantly "authority-based", i.e. it is not the "what" but the "who" that determines truth in science, and this outdated practice has led to massive errors. Before the dawn of the modern age, "authority-based" science was necessary since authorities were the key repositories of knowledge. But that has greatly changed in the modern era.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Just look at the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic where the established sciences have had their difficulties the past two years, despite heroic efforts. "Science" should have been better prepared for the pandemic than it was. Why was it not?<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A shift in the focus of science is absolutely necessary. The prevailing standards of the past, when so-called "authorities" ruled the roost in science, are currently often misplaced in our digital age when anyone who wishes can look up nearly anything they want online. In the last analysis, one authority today is just one more opinion. In order to insure a more secure human future, the science of tomorrow must be based upon known facts, not upon known authorities.<br /></p><p>"Evidence-Based Research" must be given top priority in our digital age.</p><p><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Outdated memes must be slowly abandoned.</span><br /></b></span></p><p>But what are <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-defines-a-meme-1904778/" target="_blank">memes</a>?</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank"><b>Meme</b></a> is a term coined by Richard Dawkins, emeritus Professor for Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University in England.</p><p>Memes are defined generally as "<b>replicated ideas, symbols or practices</b>".<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">We view memes as describing the state of mainstream science at any given time and to explain many of its aberrations. Memes act like viruses (or genes).<br /></p><p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme" target="_blank">meme</a> is defined at the Wikipedia as:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">""<span style="color: #cc0000;">[A]n idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture.</span>" A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures.... The word meme was coined by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins ... as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena. Examples of memes given [in The Selfish Gene] included melodies, catch-phrases, fashion, and the technology of building arches."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In our view, what is normally called a "school of thought" in academia is more accurately defined as being a "meme", because "thought" often has nothing to do with it. Rather, ideas, rightly or wrongly, become entrenched in various disciplines of science and propagate themselves as if they had a life of their own. The same is true for politics and religion. People believe things out of habit, nothing more.<br /></p><p><b>Truth is not at all the issue.</b></p><p>Rather, as written at Wikipedia about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics" target="_blank">Memetics</a>: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">"<b>Memetics</b> is a theory of mental content based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution.... Proponents describe memetics as an approach to evolutionary models of cultural information transfer.... As with genetics, particularly under a Dawkinsian interpretation, a meme's success may be due to its contribution to the effectiveness of its host."</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Accordingly, and contrary to the notion that "truth" is the objective in science or elsewhere, people thus actually adhere to a given idea, school of thought, cultural practice or religion <span style="color: red;"><i>because the adherents of a particular meme perceive it as providing the holders of that meme with advantages.</i></span></b> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">That essential understanding helps to explain many aberrations that can be discovered in science whereby presumably "rational" people hold fast to long-outdated ideas and ways of looking at things, often at odds with the available probative evidence.</p><p>We look to the probative evidence! </p><p>That is what defines our work.</p><p> <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-13112679243865788102022-02-11T15:53:00.234+01:002022-02-11T17:52:57.060+01:00The Rule of Law, Winston Churchill, and the History of Civilization : The Battle Against Tyranny and Monopolistically-Inclined Thinking<div style="font-family: verdana;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="text-align: center;">The Rule of Law, Winston Churchill, and the History of Civilization: The Battle Against Tyranny and Monopolistically-Inclined Thinking</span></span><br /> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">The "<b>History of Civilization</b>" is a concept which many people in academia misunderstand, thinking the study of the history of culture and technology to be the realm of specialized vested-interest historians or monopolist-like professions.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">Alternatively seen, when we speak of the history of civilization, we must consider that the actual progress of mankind may have been substantially different than currently portrayed in over-creative, oft unsubstantiated documentaries on television or other media. Indeed, it is very likely that the "priests" of ancient cultures were, above all, less interested in pots and pottery, the realm of modern Archaeology, but were rather stargazers and land surveyors, comparable in their day to our astronomers and mapmakers.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana;">As written by John Bedell at Bensozia in
<a href="http://benedante.blogspot.de/2011/09/aztec-surveying.html"><span style="color: blue;">Aztec Surveying</span></a>:</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">"The two things that drove mathematical progress in ancient civilizations were land surveying and astronomy."</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">"<b>Civilization</b>" thus may encompass a broader perspective than that presented to us by current science, and we need to grant such a possibility a greater audience.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">
We quote Winston S. Churchill, “Civilization,” Chancellor’s Address,
University of Bristol, July 2, 1938, via Niall Ferguson in <a href="http://books.google.de/">Civilization: The West
and the Rest</a> and Michael Kaplan at <a href="http://newjacksonianblog.blogspot.de/2011/12/winston-churchill-on-meaning-of.html">The New Jacksonian Blog</a>, citing to Winston S. Churchill, <a href="http://www.biblio.com/bookstore/the-history-place/winston-s-churchill-speeches-page-1~22cc6~1e50ef">Blood, Sweat, and Tears</a>, Randolph S. Churchill, ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1941), pp. 45-46:</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"There are few words which are used more loosely than the word “Civilization.”
What does it mean?</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means
that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of
camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws
are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those
laws are maintained.</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">That is Civilization—and in its soil grow continually
freedom, comfort and culture.
When Civilization reigns, in any country, a wider
and less harassed life is afforded to the masses of the people. The traditions of the past are cherished, and the inheritance bequeathed to us by former wise or valiant men becomes a rich estate to be enjoyed and used by all.</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">The central principle of Civilization is the subordination of the ruling authority to the settled customs of the people and to their will as expressed through the Constitution.</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: verdana; margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">In this Island [Great Britain] we have today achieved in a high degree the
blessings of Civilization. There is freedom: there is [the rule of] law; there is love of
country; there is a great measure of good will between classes: there is a widening prosperity. There are unmeasured opportunities of correcting abuses and making further progress."</span></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">Despite those wonderful words of wisdom by Winston Churchill more than 80 years ago, we today live in an allegedly "modern" era where the cardinal virtues of Civilization are greatly under siege and where we can only view the future with a certain amount of trepidation. World news is still dominated daily by conflict and strife rather than by progress and peace. Science still suffers from great and <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/colossal">colossal</a> failings, despite heroic efforts, as the current pandemic teaches us all.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">It may of course be argued that Civilization always wins in the end and moves onward or even forward, but it is always a battle against the forces of yesteryear and against various monopolistically inclined nations, groups, religions, organizations, and schools of thought, that always have -- and today continue -- to strive to bind mankind in the chains of blindered ignorance and superstition.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">It is our duty, especially the best and most capable of us, to counter the selfish voices of despots and tyrants, small and large, whether in politics or academia.</div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana; text-align: justify;">We must lead positively into the future.<br /></div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div><div style="font-family: verdana;">That is always the pioneer spirit behind our own work.</div><div style="font-family: verdana;"> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-72837346707800014352022-02-10T21:18:00.000+01:002022-02-10T21:18:46.142+01:00SKY EARTH NATIVE AMERICA "Rock Art" Contents by Topic for Volumes 1 and 2<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>SKY EARTH NATIVE AMERICA</b></span><br />
</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">"Rock Art" Contents by Topic for Volumes 1 and 2</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">In <i><b>Inupiaq</b></i> (also spelled <b><i>Inupiat</i>)</b> Eskimo language<br />an <u><i><b>inuksuk</b></i></u> is "<u><b>a native Alaskan cairn built to mark pathways</b></u>".<br />See <a href="https://www.behindthename.com/submit/names/usage/inuit" target="_blank">Behind the Name.</a><br />
<b><span style="color: red;"><br />The existence of such rock "landmarks" in Native America is thus undisputed in principle. </span></b>
<br /><br />We take this knowledge one level further
and show that megalithic and petroglyphic rock carvings and pictographic rock art
served as landmarks placed by the stars, i.e. astronomy,
using the ready "mirror" map of the starry sky in the hermetic tradition,
<span style="font-size: large;">"<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>as above, so below</b></span>"</span>.<br /><br />That is the "Sky Earth" of Native America,
whose rock "stars" are the stars of the heavens,
immortalized by the ancients via the rocks of our Earth.
These landmarks were placed systematically in Native America
and can be reconstructed.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sky Earth Native America -- in Two Volumes</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Native American Rock Art Petroglyphs Pictographs</b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b> Cave Paintings Earthworks & Mounds</b></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b><span style="color: black;">Deciphered as Land Survey & Astronomy by Andis Kaulins</span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">, paperbacks in color print</span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396816">Sky Earth Native America Volume 1</a>-----------<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396832/">Sky Earth Native America Volume 2</a></span><br />by Andis Kaulins J.D. Stanford </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">by Andis Kaulins J.D. Stanford</span></span></h2><p><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">Contents by Topic for Volume 1</span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;"> of Sky Earth Native America</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Preface</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Prologue 1: The History of Civilization: Winston Churchill on the Rule of Law as a Prerequisite to Human Progress</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Prologue 2: Anthropomorphic Rocks Featured in America's 1st Surrealist Film, Object Lesson, already in the year 1941</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Prologue 3: Book Publications by the Author on Law, Legal History, and Ancient Astronomy and Land Survey:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Great "Google Earth" Image Mystery</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Great "Google Earth" Image Mystery: Hints to Solution</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Judaculla Rock Cherokee Dividings : Research Beginnings</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Starry Night Pro as our Astronomy Software for Research</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Judaculla Rock Decipherment 1</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Petroglyphs of North Carolina and Georgia Mark Stars</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Two Petroglyph Boulders of Northeast Georgia near Helen Mark Stars of Canis Major, Canis Minor, Orion & Taurus</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Allen Rock Petroglyphs in Habersham County, Georgia USA Mark Stars of the Heavens Principally Orion</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Hiawatha: Holder of the Heavens: A Solution to The Great Google Earth Image 34.890653 -83.880198 Mystery</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Hiawatha as Atlas and Orion, the Iroquois Aron-Hiawagon with Hiawagon = Hiawatha, the "Holder of the Heavens"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Prehistoric Mankind's Primary Technologies Were Rooted in Astronomy; Economies Were Based on Land & Property</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Great Mound, Petroglyph and Painted Rock Art Journey of Native America Begins! [Posting #1 of this Series]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Grave Creek Mound Archaeological Complex Moundsville, West Virginia Marks Cygnus [Posting #2 of this Series]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Center of the Mound System of Native America: Great Serpent Mound, Newark, Chillicothe [Posting #3 of the Series]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The North Ecliptic Pole and Draco as Marked by the Newark Earthworks in Ohio [#4]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Draco and the Hopewell Mounds of the Mound City Necropolis in Chillicothe, Ohio [#5]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Precession: North Celestial Pole and Ursa Minor as Marked by Mounds and Earthworks in Chillicothe, Ohio [#6]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Criel Mound Dunbar South Charleston West Virginia Mark Stars of Cepheus and North Celestial Pole in ca. 300 BC [#7]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Wolf Plains Mounds of Ohio as Southeasterly Stars of Draco Near the North Ecliptic Pole [#8]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Google Earth Pro Free as of February 1, 2015</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Paint Creek Valley Mounds, Seip and Baum Earthworks, and Fortified Hill in Ohio as Stars of Ursa Major near the Big Dipper and North Celestial Pole [#9]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Great Serpent Mound in Ohio Marks Stars of Draco & Mounds and Earthworks Help to Calculate Precession [#10]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Effigy Mounds National Monument, Harpers Ferry, Iowa, as Stars of Libra, Boötes, Ursa Major, Perseus, Pleiades [#11]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Effigy Mounds at Poverty Point, West Carrol Parish, Louisiana as Astronomy: Thunderbird of the Pleiades [#12]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Poverty Point Needs Review [#13]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Painting in Cave of Indian, Tamaulipas, Burgos Municipality Mexico, Marks Taurus, Orion ca. 2300 B.C. [#14]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">John Bedell on Aztec Surveying & Ancient Civilizations: Land Survey and Astronomy Drove Mathematical Progress</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Las Labradas Petroglyphs Baja California Sur Mexico Mark Tropic of Cancer Summer Solstice Canis Major [#15]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Sierra de San Francisco El Vizcaino Reserve Baja California Sur in Mexico: Rock Art as a Sky Map ca. 1000 B.C. [#16]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A Baseline X,Y Axis for An Ancient Native North America Land Survey with a Portrait of an Astronomical Land Surveyor as an Ollama Game Player on Tlachtli [#17]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Etowah Ocmulgee Lamar Mounds Georgia Mark Summer Solstice ca. 1200 A.D. and 1450 A.D. Respectively [#18]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Great Thunderbird Challenge for World's Archaeologists, Astronomers Archaeoastronomers: 1 Petroglyph 60 Stars!</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The State of Modern Archaeology and Astronomy: Thundering Acclaim for the Thunderbird Challenge or Not?</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Y-Axis of Native North America Land Survey – Herschel, Saskatchewan Canada to Ancient Sites in Mexico [#19]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Bottom of the Y-Axis of the Ancient Native North America Land Survey by Astronomy in Mexico: Monte Alban, Santos Reyes Nopala, Mitla, Rio Copalita [#20]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Sites of Southern Saskatchewan, Canada, Mark Stars of Scorpio and Autumn Equinox ca. 3000 B.C. [#21]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Herschel Petroglyphs, Monoliths & Rocks Mark Primarily Stars of Scorpio and Autumn Equinox ca. 3000 B.C. [#22]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Herschel Petroglyphs Monolith #1 as Sky Map ca. 3000 B.C. and Survey Plan of Ancient Native North America [#23]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Herschel Petroglyphs Monolith #2 Marks Stars at Head of Scorpio Marking Autumn Equinox ca. 3000 B.C. [#24]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Herschel Petroglyphs Monolith #3 Marks Scorpio [#25]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Thunderbird of Roche Percée Petroglyphs of Saskatchewan Canada Marks Stars Below Hydra by Canis Major[#26]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Temple of Seven Dolls Dzibilchaltun Merida Marks Front Shield Stars of Orion at Celestial Equator ca. 200 B.C. [#27]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Mitla in Oaxaca Mexico Marks Stars of Lepus Columba [#28]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Palenque Chiapas Mexico Marks the Stars of Columba [#29]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Texas Man-With-Raised-Arms Petroglyph Marks Stars of Taurus at Palo Duro Canyon (2nd largest in USA) [#30]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">North Dakota Mounds at Valley City State University Medicine Wheel Park Mark Stars of Serpens Caput and Ophiuchus and the Autumn Equinox in ca. 3000 B.C. [#31]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Megalith of Cañon el Porvenir Zaragoza, Coahuila, Mexico near the Twin Peaks of Los Picos de Davis and near Del Rio, Texas Marks Gemini ca. 3000 B.C. [#32]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Sites in Southwestern Arizona Mark Stars of Leo and the Summer Solstice ca. 3000 BC at Quitobaquito [#33]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Toltec Mounds Arkansas Mark Stars of Auriga as a Boat, plus Milky Way, Galactic Equator & Galactic Meridian [#34]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Spiro Mounds in Oklahoma Mark Stars Between Gemini Auriga and Lynx and Mark the Galactic Meridian [#35]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cahokia Mounds Platforms & Palisades Mark Stars of Ursa Major as a Bow-and-Arrow Wielding "Galactic" Hunter [#36]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cahokia Monks Mound Birdman : Mystery of Official Cahokia Logo Tablet and Monks Mound [#37]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cahokia Monks Mound : The Missing Heart[#38]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cahokia at the Heartland of Ancient Native America! [#39]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cahokia Birdman Tablet Has Sky Map Etched on the Stone Surface: The Crosshatch Back Side Diagonals Each Marked Six Degrees of the Heavens: The Birdman was Surely the "Astronomer Surveyor Priest" [#40]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Winterville Mississippi Mounds Mark Theta Aurigae at Mound A and Nearby Stars in Auriga Lower than the Upper Toltec Mounds Star Menkalinan [#41]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Marksville Emerald Mound and 46 Locations in Louisiana and Mississippi Mark Stars of Auriga: The Indian Trail Natchez Trace Thus Followed Edge of the Milky Way [#42]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Moundville Earth Mounds near Tuscaloosa Alabama Mark Stars of Perseus [#43]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Shelton Stone Mound Complex Group 2 near Jacksonville Alabama Marks Stars of Perseus [#44]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Shelton Stone Mound Complex Group 1 Marks Stars of What We Today Call Camelopardalis Above Perseus [#45]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Shelton Stone Mound Complex Group 3 near Jacksonville Alabama Marks the Pleiades and Stars of Aries [#46]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Flinders Petrie and the Shelton Mound Wall and Boulder Complex Groups 1 2 3 Together as a Weaver & Vertical Warp-Weighted Backstrap-Type Loom [#47]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Bottle Creek Mounds North of Mobile Alabama Mark the Stars of the Pleiades [#48]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Ancient Mounds of the Florida Peninsula Mark the Stars of Cetus -- Crystal River Mounds, Horr's Island (now the "other" Key Marco), Miami Circle and More [#49]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Crystal River Mounds of the Crystal River Archaeological State Park in Florida Mark Stars at the Head of Cetus [#50]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Crystal River Mounds Megalith (Stela #1) Deciphered [#51]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The "Next" Great Google Earth Image Mystery [#52]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Brickell Point Miami Circle Florida as a Sky Map[#53 - #57]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Miami Circle, Nazca, Northern Hemisphere Sky Map, Aztec Calendar Stone, Izapa Stela 5, Google Earth Mystery [#58]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Location of Next Google Earth Image Mystery Image [#59]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Fact Avoidance Syndrome in Mainstream Science</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Nazca (Nasca) Mystery Image as Anthropomorphic Cupule Marking of Stars of Andromeda and Pisces on Earth [#60]</span></span></span><br /></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #990000;">Contents by Topic for Volume 2 of Sky Earth Native America</span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Book Publications by the Author on Law, Legal History, and Ancient Astronomy and Land Survey</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> <br /></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Mounds of the State of Florida Revised Map includes Mound Key as a Map of North America ca. 1150 B.C. [#61]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Ultimate Test for Art and Archaeological Aptitude - "ArtArchApt" Shows Your "ArtArchAptness" [#62]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Mound Key and Other Sites in the Estero Bay Aquatic Preserve South of Fort Myers Florida as Stars of Cetus [#63]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Dali and da Vinci through July 26, 2015 at "the Dali" Museum in St. Petersburg: Minds Machines & Masterpieces</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Lake Jackson Mounds in the Florida Panhandle Mark a Rectangle of Stars to the Left of the Head of Cetus at the Lower Extremity of the Stars of Taurus [#64]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Grand Mounds at Little Talbot Island State Park in Northeast Florida near Jacksonville mark Ecliptic, Vernal Equinox, and Calculate Precession ca. 240 B.C. [#65]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Shields & Grant Mounds at the Mill Cove Complex Jacksonville Florida Have the Shape of a Fishhook & Fishing Weight as Located at the Mouth of Pisces [#66]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Alternative Browser "Pale Moon" as a Fork of Mozilla Firefox but No Australis Keeps Firefox 28 Customizability Including Tabs BELOW the Address Bar and Full Profile Migration</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Shell Rings Sapelo Island Darien Georgia Mark Upper Stars of Pisces as Early Snorkeler Water Serpent Whale/Manatee, Shark, Sardine, Octopus, Starfish and Tropical Fish [#67]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Pinson Mounds in Tennessee -- Largest Middle Woodland Mound Complex in the USA -- Sauls Mound, Ozier Mound, Earthworks -- Mark the Stars of Cassiopeia as a Bird [#68]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Terra Ceia Island and Madira Bickel Mounds Between St. Petersburg and Bradenton Florida Represent Stars in Cetus as Mortar Pestle Dough & Bakers Peel [#69]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Long Key White Sand Mound Boca Ciega Bay Gulf Coast Florida St. Petersburg as Stars of Cetus and Eridanus [#70]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear: Sequential Presentation of Information More Important than Content</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Big Mound City and the Big Circle Mounds in Florida Marked Neighboring Groups of Stars in Cetus Separated by the Celestial Meridian in ca. 670 A.D. [#71]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Philip Earthworks at Lake Marion, Florida show the Circle of Stars at 34 Ceti, 38 Ceti, 39 Ceti and 42 Ceti, with 34 Ceti the Star On the Edge of the Circle [#72]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Fort Center Lakeport Florida Mounds Earthworks Mark Cetus Left of Stars Marked by Big Circle Mounds [#73]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Letchworth-Love Mounds Monticello Florida's Largest Pre-Columbian Earthworks, Mark Stars of Aries [#74]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kolomoki Mounds Blakely Largest in Georgia mark the Bright Stars of Aries at the Vernal Equinox ca. 200 BC [#75]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Antiquarian Discovery Charles Dickens Pickwick Papers</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Tick Island DeLeon Springs Lake Woodruff Florida marks Stars at the Circlet of Pisces [#76]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rollins Shell Ring and "Ringlet" Mounds Fort George Island Cultural State Park Jacksonville Florida, SW of the Grand Mounds Little Talbot Island State Park, Mark Stars of Pisces at Alpha Piscium and Portray a Man of Native America [#77]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Tomoka Mounds Middens Ormond Beach Florida Mark Primarily the Stars of the Lower Fish of Pisces as a Shark with the Head to the Left and the Body to the Right [#78]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Turtle Mound Largest Shell Midden USA Near New Smyrna Beach in Florida Marks Delta Piscium and the Mount Royal Temple Mound Near Welaka Marks Xi Piscium: Map of Florida Mounds of the Lower Fish of Pisces [#79]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Does Mankind Really Want Mysteries of the Past to be Solved? Facts as Unwanted Visitors in the World of Academic and Other Wishes and Emotions [#80]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Native America Contributions to Modernity: Maize (Corn), the Potato, the Tomato, Tobacco, and Machu Picchu [#81]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Machu Picchu Peru Marks Ophiuchus in its Architectural Design Construction as Inca Cosmological Levels[#82]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Intihuatana (Inti Watana) at Machu Picchu as Solar Apex, Apex of Sun's Way on its Galactic Orbit in the Galaxy [#83]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Other Stars Marked in the Environs of Machu Picchu? [#84]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Cognition of Geographic Information and Human Spatial Orientation : Systems of Landmarks in Ancient Eras</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Population Genetics Puts Origins of Indo-European Languages in the East in the Corded Ware Kurgan Culture</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">New Genetic Research Says Human Out of Africa Migration Was Via Egypt and Not Via Ethiopia</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Saksaywaman in Cuzco, Peru Represents Aquila as the Quechua ch'aska kancha "Stellar Constellation" Cha(s)kay Waman, the Falcon Constellation [#85]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">SaksayWaman as Star Groups of the Heavens Between Tullu Mayu and Sapphi Mayu, the Ends of the Milky Way [#86]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman as Inca Astronomy - Image 1 of 14 Decipherment Images taken Left to Right – Here Marking Libra, Virgo, Corvus, and the Equinox Line [#87]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman as Inca Astronomy: Image 2 of 14 Marks Crater & Tail of Hydra [#88]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman - Image 3 of 14 Marks Leo Cancer Hydra Canis Minor & Major and Canopus [#89]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 4 of 14 Marks Orion Gemini Taurus Auriga [#90]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 5 of 14 Marks Perseus Pleiades Aries Andromeda Pegasus [#91]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 6 of 14 Marks Cassiopeia Equinox Cepheus [#92]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 7 of 14 Marks Draco Aquila Cygnus Lyra Ophiuchus Cygnus Cepheus [#93]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 8 of 14 Marks Serpens Caput Sagittarius [#94]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 9 of 14 Marks Inca ATOQ the Fox, Scorpio (tail to the left) [#95]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 10 of 14 Marks the Great Llama Centaurus Lupus [#96]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 11 of 14 Marks Llama Cancha Yutu Tinamou [#97]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 12 of 14 Marks Crux the Southern Cross [#98]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 13 of 14 Marks Dark Constellations Toad Hanp'atu Serpent Mach'acuay [#99]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Decipherment of SaksayWaman: Image 14 of 14 Marks the End Section of Mach'Acuay the Dark Constellation [#100]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A "Readable" Full Decipherment Photo Image for SaksayWaman via a Link to the Bitmap [#101]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Qurikancha Gold Altar Map Cuzco Peru Inca Inti Sun Temple as Crux Southern Cross plus Milky Way and Galactic Meridian [#102]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Uses Same Astronomical System as Found at Cusco: Inscripcoes em rochedos do Brasil Figure 4 Hartt: First of a Series of Six Postings [#103]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Figure 5 Hartt[#104]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Figure 6 Hartt[#105]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Figure 7 Hartt[#106]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Figure 10 Hartt[#107]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Art Ererê Brazil Figure 1 Hartt[#108]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">"Heart of the World" at La Ciudad Perdida, the Lost City of Colombia, South America, Marks the Stars of Corvus and Also Has a Southern Hemisphere Sky Map Megalith [#109]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Petroglyph Boulders viz. Petroglyphic Megaliths as Former Tribal Boundaries in Native America [#110]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kokopelli as Boötes Playing Flute Extending to Ursa Major: Mortendad Cave Petroglyphs Los Alamos New Mexico USA as Marking Stars of the Heavens ca. 1750 B.C. [#111]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Kokopelli as Kokopetiyot (koko-petiyot): Boötes the Herdsman with Flute or Horn[#112]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Blythe Intaglios California Arizona Border as Astronomical Tribal Landmarks Involve Environmental Suits[#114]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Painted Rock, La Piedra Pintada, Carisa Rock viz. Carrol Rock, Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, Largest Pictograph Site in California, Marks Stars of Virgo [#115]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Keystone Petroglyphs Mendocino County, California, Mark Stars of Virgo at the Autumn Equinox ca. 500 B.C. [#116]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Spyrock (Spy Rock) Petroglyphs Mendocino County California Mark Stars of the Sky ca. 3000 B.C. [#117]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Klamath River Petroglyph Boulder as Sky Map [#118]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A "Virgo" Fertility Origin for the Name of Oregon? [#119]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Roosevelt Washington Columbia River Rock Inscriptions at Horsethief Lake State Park are Sky Map ca. 750 B.C. in the Shape of a Dog-like Animal's Head like Machu Picchu [#120]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Lost Slakaiya Rock Petroglyphs of Eel River California are a Sky Map ca. 3400 B.C. and Perhaps an Ancient Map of the Northern Pacific Northwest Including Alaska [#121]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rock Formation at Big Butte Montana Marks Boötes [#122]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Pictograph Cave State Park Montana Giant Cliff Wall "Cupules" (Holes) as Stars ca. 3000 B.C. [#123]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Medicine Wheel Locations in Alberta, Canada Mark Stars of Sagittarius, Corona Australis and Telescopium [#124]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Distribution of Pictographic Rock Art Sites in Alaska and a Decipherment Map as Astronomy by Location [#125]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Tuxedni Bay Clam Cove Alaska Carvings Rock Art SW of Anchorage: Tuxedni as Cygnus Clam Cove as Aquila [#126]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Alaska Rock Art Geographic Distribution Corresponds to Traditional Tribal Territorial Divisions of Cultures [#127]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Feniak Lake Alaska Noatak National Preserve 3-Sided Megalith Marks Stars & Astronomical Parameters [#128]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rumsen Rock Presidio Monterey California Near the Sloat Monument is Fertility "Virgo Megalith" [#129]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Rio Hurtado Valley Norte Chico Chile Rock Art Deciphered as Crux Centaurus Musca ca. 600 A.D. [#130]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Anasazi Ancestral Pueblo Rock Art St. George Ivins Utah as Sky Map from Serpens Cauda to Aquila ca. 1000 B.C. at the Emergence of the Early Basketmaker Era II . [#131]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Skaitok Boulder Spence's Bridge British Columbia Canada as a Sky Map of Stars Similar to Anasazi Pictographs [#132]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Sambaqui - Shell Midden Mounds of Santa Catarina, Brazil, Jabuticabeira Region Mark the Turtle viz. Tortoise of Heaven as the Stars of Columba at the Bottom of the World [#133]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Great Google Earth Eagle Mystery Challenge and the Seven Principles of an Eagle: The Eagle as the Messenger to the Great Spirit, the Creator [#134]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A First Nations Clue to the Location of the Eagle of The Great Google Earth Eagle Mystery Challenge: The Boundary Commission Trail as the Oldest Highway in the West and the Boundary Between the USA and Canada [#135]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Manitoba Manitou and the Eagle [#136]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">A Hypothetical Ancient Land Survey Map of Native America and the Cahokia Birdman Tablet Compared [#137]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Location of the Mystery Eagle at the "Old" Pilot Mound, Manitoba: Aquila in Land Survey of Native America [#138]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Jeffers Petroglyphs of Minnesota as Sky Maps ca. 750 B.C. Minnesota Marks the Stars of Hercules [#139]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Petroglyphs of Area of Slabs, Area das Lajes, Amazon Basin, Manaus, Brazil, as a Sky Map ca. 3000 B.C. [#140]</span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;"> </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-size: normal;">The Equator Megalith of Brazil Highway BR-174 North of Manaus near Rorainópolis, State of Roraima, Brazil [#141] <br /><br /><br /></span> <br /></span></span></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-86686388919204461312022-02-10T10:20:00.000+01:002022-02-10T10:20:34.160+01:00Sky Earth Native America, our Two-Volume Rock Art Publication, has been added to Layout, followed by Sample Selection Postings<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The following material regarding our two-volume book<br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sky Earth Native America</b></span><br />has been added to our per posting layout.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sample selections from that publication follow this posting.</span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°</span><br /></span></p><center><font size="2">
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Sky Earth Native America -- in Two Volumes</b></span><br />
<b>Native American Rock Art Petroglyphs Pictographs</b></span></span></font></center><center><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #990000;"><b>Cave Paintings Earthworks & Mounds<br />
Deciphered as Land Survey & Astronomy by Andis Kaulins</b></span><br />
</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #ffa400; font-size: small;">paperbacks in color print</span><br /></b></span></font></span></font>Volume 1, 2nd Edition, 266 pages</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br />ISBN: 1517396816 / 9781517396817<br />Volume 2, 2nd Edition, 262 pages<br />ISBN: 1517396832 / 9781517396831<br /><br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396816">Sky Earth Native America Volume 1</a>-----------<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396832/">Sky Earth Native America Volume 2<br /></a></span>by Andis Kaulins J.D. Stanford </font><font size="2"><font size="2">by Andis Kaulins J.D. Stanford<br /></font></font><font size="2"> <span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #e69138;">(front cover(s)) </span> </span></font><br /></center><center><font size="2"><font size="2"> </font></font></center><center><font size="2"><font size="2"> </font>
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396816"><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41VBFBPsfgL._SX348_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="40%" /></a>------<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396832/"><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41vBjKsiG3L._SX347_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="40%" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(back cover with a photograph of the author and book absract text)</span><br /></span><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sky-Earth-Native-America-Petroglyphs/dp/1517396816"><img src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/712+4NnIHyL.jpg" width="98%" /></a><a><br />
</a></font></center>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-36498064805645696302022-01-28T13:04:00.003+01:002022-01-31T16:36:28.546+01:00"21 Useful Must Read Google Search Tips" via TechnoLawyer and the UK PC Mag<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;">Some of our <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=perspicacious&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target="_blank">perspicacious</a> readers may already be aware of this,<br />but we did want to report that <a href="https://www.technolawyer.com/" target="_blank">Neil J. Squillante of TechnoLawyer</a><br />has a very day-to-day useful "must read" in his recent newsletter<br />titled "<b>21 Google Search Tips You May Not Know</b>...." <br /><br />referring to an article by Jason Cohen at the UK PC Mag website in<br />"<a href="https://uk.pcmag.com/software-services/138320/21-google-search-tips-youll-want-to-learn" target="_blank">21 Google Search Tips You'll Want to Learn</a>".
<br /><br />Worth a read!<br /><br />We are already using some of this knowledge.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: normal;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Research ist often just a form of (re)search!<br /><br />21 Hat TIPs to Neil and Jason !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! </span></span></span></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-33099215481942045572021-12-02T22:20:00.002+01:002021-12-14T09:44:55.588+01:00Stajnia Cave Mammoth Ivory Pendant Dorsal Side Decipherment Corroborated by "Opposite Astronomy Stars" on the Ventral Side Carvings<div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> No less a thinker than <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2015_01_19_archive.html" target="_blank">Bertrand Russell wrote</a> in <a href="http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/human-knowledge/author/russell-bertrand/" target="_blank">Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits</a> (Simon and Schuster, Clarion Books, New York, 1948) that:<br />
</span></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"Astronomy
is the oldest of the sciences, and the contemplation of the heavens,</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">with their periodic regularities, gave men their first conceptions of
natural law."</span></div></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: verdana;">__________________________________________</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://ancientworldblog.blogspot.com/2021/12/stajnia-cave-mammoth-ivory-pendant.html" target="_blank">Our previous decipherment</a> of the so-called "dorsal side" carvings on the Stajnia Cave mammoth ivory pendant is corroborated by our "flipping" the pendant over and deciphering the carvings on the "ventral side" of that same pendant, as found pictured at <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01221-6/figures/1">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01221-6/figures/1</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Critical, truly "scientific method"-oriented readers would arguably have examined this essential probative option on their own initiative -- right?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">and we are sure you did....</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Based upon our astronomical decipherment of the "dorsal side" of the pendant as representing midheaven stars ca. 7500 B.C., we would logically expect the "ventral side" to also represent stars, indeed, stars on the "other" side of Draco opposite that dorsal side, i.e. especially the stars of Cygnus, the swan.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">And so it is, as shown by our decipherment image of the ventral side below:</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: times;">The "Ventral Side" of the Stajnia Cave Mammoth Ivory Carved Pendant ca. 7500 B.C.<br />Our Decipherment of the Holes, Lines and Figures as Ancient Astronomy viz. "Stargazing"<br />Marking the Starry Night Stars of Midheaven<br />The underlying star map was created<br />via <a href="https://www.starrynight.com" target="_blank">Starry Night Pro astronomy software</a><br />while the explanatory marks are by Andis Kaulins of Traben-Trarbach<br />(click on the graphic to obtain our larger, original decipherment image)</span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-k_viiTSe7ZD33FfgtnRYie8yl8t2aX4ozrlXUDofAh4wuvdwmF7vuJSOu2YtqXlAQqv-cYybq4L-dxZnuUB7alKIoKYSNet0wLYR6I0YUUdKsO0ltBEM_iQQWjhil5-sljP/s751/Stajnia+Cave+carvings+ventral+deciphered+by+Kaullins.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="611" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr-k_viiTSe7ZD33FfgtnRYie8yl8t2aX4ozrlXUDofAh4wuvdwmF7vuJSOu2YtqXlAQqv-cYybq4L-dxZnuUB7alKIoKYSNet0wLYR6I0YUUdKsO0ltBEM_iQQWjhil5-sljP/w520-h640/Stajnia+Cave+carvings+ventral+deciphered+by+Kaullins.png" width="520" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> We have been doing these kinds of decipherments for over 40 years now.</span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One day, some smart mainstream "scientists" will take notice ....<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I myself turn 75 years of youth tomorrow.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I greet my few loyal "smart" followers herewith.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">You belong to the "chosen few" who want to know</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">what our human ancestors were really like</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">and how our concepts of who we are in this universe</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">including the origin of our heaven-centered religions <br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">developed through the ancient study of the stars.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The ancients sat around their campfires,</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">looked up at the Milky Way,</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">and asked,</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Where -- in God's name -- are we?"</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">__________________________________________<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">No less a thinker than <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2015_01_19_archive.html" target="_blank">Bertrand Russell</a> wrote in <a href="http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/human-knowledge/author/russell-bertrand/" target="_blank">Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits</a> (Simon and Schuster, Clarion Books, New York, 1948) that:<br />
</span></p><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">"Astronomy
is the oldest of the sciences, and the contemplation of the heavens,</span><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">with their periodic regularities, gave men their first conceptions of
natural law."</span></div></div></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">__________________________________________</span> <br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-91907653127264849222021-12-01T23:13:00.009+01:002022-01-17T15:40:49.028+01:00Stajnia Cave Poland Mammoth Ivory Pendant Carvings Deciphered by Andis Kaulins as Portraying the Midheaven Stars of the Starry Sky ca. 7500 B.C.<p>
<span style="font-family: verdana;">An article titled "<b>A 41,500 year-old decorated ivory pendant from Stajnia Cave (Poland)</b>" by Talamo, S., Urbanowski, M., Picin, A. et al. was presented at Nature Magazine's Scientific Reports, Sci Rep 11, 22078 (2021), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01221-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01221-6</a>. For the location of Stajnia Cave, please see the map at <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71504-x">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71504-x</a>.<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">That same pendant has now subsequently appeared in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03534-y" target="_blank">Nature Magazine's News, November 29, 2021</a>, under the headline "<b>Is this mammoth-ivory pendant Eurasia’s oldest surviving jewellery?</b>", sub-headlined as
"<b>Radiocarbon dating suggests 41,500-year-old carved tusk fragment could be the region’s earliest known example of jewellery decorated by humans</b>." </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">We do not analyze here the dubious alternative interpretative explanations offered by the archaeological mainstream community for the significance of the ivory carvings on the mammoth <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendant" target="_blank">pendant</a>, nor do we go into the radiocarbon dating of the mammoth ivory, whose carvings can of course be of a much later origin.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">There is in our opinion a clear and inescapable interpretation of the mammoth ivory carvings possible -- our decipherment -- as portraying the midheaven of stars of the starry night sky, which carvings we thus date to ca. 7500 B.C.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our
date of ca. 7500 B.C. was selected because of our decipherment-required
position of the North Celestial Pole in that era. The position of the
North Celestial Pole changes slowly but continuously over a period of
ca. <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=axial+precession+25920&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target="_blank">25920 years</a> due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession" target="_blank">axial precession</a>,
so that a date of ca. 33420 B.C. would be theoretically, but not
technologically, possible, when the North Celestial Pole was at this
same location.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">However, we regard an earlier <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=provenance&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target="_blank">provenance</a> of the carvings to be impossible, since the sophistication of the stargazing astronomy represented here would fit well into post-Pleistocene Ice-Age technology, but not into </span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">previous technology</span></span> eras.</p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">To produce our decipherment, we created an independent, unaffiliated drawing of the most prominent lines on the pendant, as based on our analysis of a photo of the pendant in question as credited to Antonino Vazzana/BONES Lab
see <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03534-y">https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03534-y</a>.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Stajnia Cave Mammoth Ivory Carved Pendant ca. 7500 B.C.<br />Our Decipherment of the Holes, Lines and Figures as Ancient Astronomy viz. "Stargazing"<br />Marking the Starry Night Stars of Midheaven</span><br />The underlying star map was created<br />via Starry Night Pro astronomy software<br />while the explanatory marks are by Andis Kaulins of Traben-Trarbach<br />(click on the graphic to obtain our larger, original decipherment image)<br /></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OgNcXhwm90u4KEGpfbdi25wx_ucjUyMj7BAy8Hb1rbjLf2C4Ht0iJhKrUO15vihwU14CVPIEVh_gCmx9OjqN6Js6YgDVH9V_XDCtzfLC7RspRcOU64t8pU8ErZLbO0mNux1O/s719/Stajnia+Cave+Mammoth+Carved+Pendit+Decipherment+by+Andis+Kaulins.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="719" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6OgNcXhwm90u4KEGpfbdi25wx_ucjUyMj7BAy8Hb1rbjLf2C4Ht0iJhKrUO15vihwU14CVPIEVh_gCmx9OjqN6Js6YgDVH9V_XDCtzfLC7RspRcOU64t8pU8ErZLbO0mNux1O/w640-h640/Stajnia+Cave+Mammoth+Carved+Pendit+Decipherment+by+Andis+Kaulins.png" width="640" /></a></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The red dashed lines overlapping the Starry Night Pro star map clip underneath have been added by Andis Kaulins and are meant to correspond to the round marks found carved on the Stajnia Cave mammoth ivory pendant. The blue circular objects overlappingly drawn in the star map by Andis Kaulins identify groups of stars which correspond to figures viz. markings that we allege to be found carved on the pendant, but those identifications are speculative as such lines on the pendant are very weak, if they exist at all, and are difficult to prove. The dark grey lines added by Andis Kaulins mark areas with few stars in the sky that correspond to dark areas on the pendant. The light grey lines added by Andis Kaulins mark the outer perimeter of the pendant in the stars.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Late addition: please note that the lowest figure on this side of the pendant, called the "dorsal side", marks the stars of Ursa Minor. Our decipherment of the "ventral side" as corroborating ancient astronomy follows in the next posting.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-35367054588505429912021-10-31T17:59:00.002+01:002021-11-01T19:41:45.518+01:00Nomes and Star Constellations of Ancient Egypt : The Neolithic Northern Arabia Camel Site : Are They Related by Ancient Astronomy?<p style="text-align: justify;"><i><a href="https://www.academia.edu/23910738/The_Celestial_River_Identifying_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Constellations" target="_blank">The Celestial River: Identifying the Ancient Egyptian Constellations</a></i>, <b>Sino-Platonic Papers</b>, 253 (December 2014), Victor H. Mair, Editor, Dept. of East Asian Languages & Civilizations, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6305 USA, vmair@sas.upenn.edu, www.sino-platonic.org</p><p style="text-align: justify;">authored by <a href="http://ber.io/" target="_blank">Alessandro Berio</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">-- as posted by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MagdiSaleh1" target="_blank">Magdi Saleh</a> at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/23910738/The_Celestial_River_Identifying_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Constellations">Academia.edu</a> --</p><p style="text-align: justify;">presents astronomical analysis that bears significantly upon our recent postings about the Northern Arabia "Camel Site", which we have -- allegedly --- deciphered as Neolithic astronomy, and which, in our opinion maps the stars of the starry night ca. 4800 B.C.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">... with "the legs of the Camel" standing on the Celestial Equator at the Vernal Equinox, the left side of the camel marking the Summer Solstice and the right side of the camel marking the Winter Solstice, with the stars in the heavens being marked by carved figures and cupules (holes viz. indentations carved into stone).<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">We thank here the website Academia.edu for alerting us to the respective link to the article by Berio as found at <a href="https://www.academia.edu/23910738/The_Celestial_River_Identifying_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Constellations" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/23910738/The_Celestial_River_Identifying_the_Ancient_Egyptian_Constellations</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We are sympathetic to Berio's approach, but our present posting does not engage in individual analysis -- pro or contra -- of the ancient Egyptian Constellations identified in Berio's publication or the system of rising and setting stars that is said there to explain some of the hieroglyphs (viz. "emblems") of the nomes. Each reader can evaluate the material on their own starting at the above link.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Given our own knowledge and understanding of the use of rising and setting stars in ancient astronomy and given our own writings about <a href="https://ancientworldblog.blogspot.com/2004/08/mulapin-decipherment-as-astronomy.htm" target="_blank">MUL.APIN : Decipherment as Astronomy</a> (see there for a start), we find that Berio has definitely produced a remarkable and highly interesting analysis which deserves our attention. See in this regard also our year 2004 postings on the astronomical and hermetic significance ("as above, so below") of the nomes of Egypt at: </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/nomes-of-egypt-and-astronomy.htm" target="_blank">The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - A - Identification - ANE BC P4</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><a href=" https://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/nomes-of-egypt-and-astronomy-b-map-of.htm" target="_blank">The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - B - Map of Egyptian Nomes - ANE BC P5</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/nomes-of-egypt-and-astronomy-c-nome.htm" target="_blank">The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - C - Nome Hieroglyph Chart - ANE BC P6 </a></span><br /></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">What interests us here as a general matter is the star placement comparison of:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>a map of the heavens that results from our <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-neolithic-rock-art-camel-site-in_19.html" target="_blank">decipherment of the ca. 4800 B.C. Neolithic Northern Arabia Camel Site</a> <br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><b>THE NEOLITHIC CAMEL SITE of NORTHERN ARABIA <br />ASTRONOMICAL DECIPHERMENT as ca. 4800 B.C. by ANDIS KAULINS</b><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4vPrbQkjsM3oz_lKT28hWt4x4_1yrkw0dLb-ZY5GM-JnbIzCSQ2MYjPH-zFv8fK1Pg02bGeaR7SRZ7dn-t45w5w1JQXCwzGNNbhHC-f_vwsm6RYInPi-67TkyXmD2U0IqU2ZEQ/s1140/Camel+Site+Deciphered+by+Andis+Kaulins+Okt+2021+Traben.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4vPrbQkjsM3oz_lKT28hWt4x4_1yrkw0dLb-ZY5GM-JnbIzCSQ2MYjPH-zFv8fK1Pg02bGeaR7SRZ7dn-t45w5w1JQXCwzGNNbhHC-f_vwsm6RYInPi-67TkyXmD2U0IqU2ZEQ/w640-h406/Camel+Site+Deciphered+by+Andis+Kaulins+Okt+2021+Traben.png" width="640" /></a></div></div><p></p><li style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">with Berio's <a href="Classical star map with Ptolemaic constellations compared to nome emblems overlaid on a map of the sky circa 3100 BC as seen from Memphis (30.57° N). " target="_blank">Classical star map with Ptolemaic constellations compared to nome emblems overlaid on a map of the sky circa 3100 BC as seen from Memphis (30.57° N)</a>.<br /></li><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Classical Star Map with Ptolemaic Stellar Constellations and<br />Nome Emblems Overlaid on a Sky Map ca. 3100 B.C.<br />according to Alessandro Berio </b><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc1uKcQzMhJRRSwZdpyfw1H6e8dmyfMBXWr5vYxTvE7ru5sJ7kKNBx6k-J2Hbwqa5OiId2BRYp8HXjMgGBS8JVq0jDJAQaEetDrvy32LFi0WJVegEK8ch2trwwKwYs2xC5HeKI_g/s689/Berio+Ancient+Egyptian+Constellations+3100+B.C.+Ptolemaic+Map+Overlay.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="689" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc1uKcQzMhJRRSwZdpyfw1H6e8dmyfMBXWr5vYxTvE7ru5sJ7kKNBx6k-J2Hbwqa5OiId2BRYp8HXjMgGBS8JVq0jDJAQaEetDrvy32LFi0WJVegEK8ch2trwwKwYs2xC5HeKI_g/w640-h304/Berio+Ancient+Egyptian+Constellations+3100+B.C.+Ptolemaic+Map+Overlay.png" width="640" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Our decipherment placement of starry night stars at the Camel Site finds numerous comparables in depiction on the above map of Ancient Egyptian stellar constellations as represented by Berio, though we do not agree on all of them, but that latter is not the issue here. Some DO agree, and that is what is important.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moreover, in terms of researching the importance of the Ancient Egyptian nomes as hermetic astronomy ("as above, so below"), perhaps marking rising and setting stars, take a look at our Camel Site decipherment finding that the dog, Anubis, is there at the position of the stars of Libra, which stellar location was a mystery to us initially, but which makes sense as a placement given the rising and setting star analysis for nome emblems by Berio, who writes as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span class="a" style="left: 795px; top: 2686px; word-spacing: 22px;">Sirius, the brightest star of Canis Major, was identified with the goddess Isis-Sothis, the </span><span class="a" style="left: 530px; top: 2848px; word-spacing: 1px;">Egyptian mother goddess. Diodorus explains that the ritual procession of the Festival of Isis was led by </span><span class="a" style="left: 530px; top: 3010px; word-spacing: 1px;">dogs, an association illustrated in a passage by Diodorus:<br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span class="a" style="left: 795px; top: 3260px; word-spacing: 4px;">On the stele of Isis it runs: “I am Isis, the queen of every land… I am she who riseth in </span><span class="a" style="left: 795px; top: 3423px; word-spacing: 1px;">the star that is in the Constellation of the Dog; by me was the city of Bubastus built.”</span></span><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span class="a" style="left: 795px; top: 3423px; word-spacing: 1px;"></span><span class="a" style="left: 530px; top: 3673px; word-spacing: 21px;">The <span class="l6">capital <span class="l6">of <span class="l7">the <span class="l6">18th n<span class="l6">ome <span class="l6">of <span class="l6">Upper <span class="l7">Egypt ...<span style="color: black;"></span> was <span class="l6">a <span class="l7">place <span class="l6">for <span class="l7">the <span class="l6">worship <span class="l6">of <span class="l6">Anubis, <span class="l6">the <span class="l6">dog-</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a" style="left: 530px; top: 3835px; word-spacing: 5px;">headed god, as the city was known as the “House of Anubis.” This nome corresponded to the time at </span><span class="a" style="left: 513px; top: 3998px;">which <span class="w8"></span>Canis <span class="w8"></span>Major’s <span class="w7"></span>star, <span class="w8"></span>Aludra, <span class="w9"></span>known <span class="w6"></span>as <span class="w8"></span>the <span class="w8"></span>“Virgins” <span class="w10"></span>to <span class="w6"></span>early <span class="w8"></span>Arab <span class="w8"></span>astronomers, <span class="w8"></span>was <span class="w8"></span>in <span class="w7"></span>its <span class="w8"></span>lower </span><span class="a" style="left: 530px; top: 4159px; word-spacing: 1px;">culmination, and Spica, the brightest star in Virgo, the virgin, was setting ....</span></span>" <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It would seem, therefore, as a possibility, that the astronomy deciphered by us at the Neolithic Camel Site in Northern Arabia may be a precursor to the hermetic ("as above, so below") astronomy of the later Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Obviously, the historical ramifications are substantial if the chronological dates in question -- starting with around 4800 B.C. -- are correct. And it also may raise the question of whether the creators of the Camel Site were indigenous inhabitants, or more distant nomads, or, indeed, especially because of the "megalithic" style of portrayal, were perhaps even more distant ancient surveyors, stargazers and/or navigators from elsewhere who first carved the astronomical figures in Northern Arabia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">See in this wider connection our previous postings at:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://ancientworldblog.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-four-corner-stones-of-land-survey.html" target="_blank">The Four Corner Stones of a Land Survey in Ancient Egypt and Arabia: Sais (Sa al Hajar, Rosetta Stone), Nabta Playa (Table Rock Stone), Mecca (Kaaba), Dumat Al-Jandal (Missing Stone)</a> and<br /><br /></li><li><a href="https://ancientworldblog.blogspot.com/2013/03/sais-rosetta-stone-champollion-and.html" target="_blank">Sais, the Rosetta Stone, Champollion and Google Earth in the Context of the Alleged Four Corner Stones of Sais, Nabta Playa, Mecca, and Dumat Al-Jandal viz. Sakaka and Al Rajajil<br /><br /></a></li><li><a href="https://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-standing-stones-megaliths-of-al.html" target="_blank">The Standing Stones (Megaliths) of Al Rajajil Deciphered as an Ancient Land Survey Triangulation: لرجاجيل في سكاكا al-Rajajeel Archeological Site</a><br /><br /></li></ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-31701923322712757892021-10-26T15:53:00.002+02:002021-10-26T16:48:07.065+02:00Patents and Human Genes incl. A Nature Magazine Book Review by Heidi Ledford of The Genome Defense: Inside the Epic Legal Battle to Determine Who Owns Your DNA by Jorge L. Contreras<p>We are happy to report that <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank">Nature magazine</a> has a timely book review by <a href="https://uk.linkedin.com/in/heidi-ledford-03b7bb27" target="_blank">Heidi Ledford</a>, reviewing <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02905-9" target="_blank">The Genome Defense: Inside the Epic Legal Battle to Determine Who Owns Your DNA</a>, a book authored by Jorge L. Contreras, <a href="https://www.algonquin.com/" target="_blank">Algonquin books</a>, <a href="https://www.workman.com/products/the-genome-defense">Workman.com</a>, 2021. See also, e.g. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Genome-Defense-Inside-Battle-Determine/dp/1616209682">Amazon.com</a>.</p><p>As Nature writes about the book:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">""Ably and affectingly detailed . . . This story stands as a guide to the
forces that shape an increasingly important industry—and to the vexed
influence of patents.” — <b><i>Nature</i></b>"</span><br /></p><p>The book author, <a href="https://faculty.utah.edu/u0989706-JORGE_L_CONTRERAS/research/index.hml" target="_blank">Jorge L. Contreras</a>, has a seminal opinion editorial ("op-ed") at CNN, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/21/opinions/stop-gene-patents-contreras/index.html" target="_blank">Don't let gene patents make a comeback</a>, in which he writes that <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/569/576/" target="_blank">"gene patenting" was ended in 2013</a> by a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc." target="_blank">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics</a>, a decision that has since come under intense pressure by <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/moneyed" target="_blank">moneyed interests</a>. As Contreras writes at <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/21/opinions/stop-gene-patents-contreras/index.html" target="_blank">CNN</a>:<br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"The current prohibition on gene patents, however, could change. The
biotechnology industry criticized the Myriad decision when it was
released and has <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.ipwatchdog.com/2019/04/25/athena-diagnostics-amici-warn-harms-biotech-revolution-current-alice-mayo-framework/id=108602/__;%21%21AQdq3sQhfUj4q8uUguY%212rYSpim8xOQMn3FHVLh9WxO7hpd7UOCJUnJhaUazevg0N6TKqX9bWV7UJn6a35wNus5u-BD19P8$" target="_blank">worked tirelessly to overturn it</a>,
along with other key Supreme Court decisions limiting patents. These
opponents claim that unless the reach of patents is expanded, <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.ipwatchdog.com/2019/04/25/athena-diagnostics-amici-warn-harms-biotech-revolution-current-alice-mayo-framework/id=108602/__;%21%21AQdq3sQhfUj4q8uUguY%212rYSpim8xOQMn3FHVLh9WxO7hpd7UOCJUnJhaUazevg0N6TKqX9bWV7UJn6a35wNus5u-BD19P8$" rel="noopener" target="_blank">biomedical innovation</a>
will be stifled, research will not be funded and lives will be lost.
But, as the unprecedented effort to analyze the virus responsible for
Covid-19 has shown, this is not true. "</span><br /></p><p>Contreras in that same CNN op-ed correctly writes about the great advantages of patent-free zones in the health and biomedical field:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"In January 2020, when the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first identified, researchers quickly sequenced its genome and uploaded it to the GenBank public database. They then raced to develop vaccines and treatments to combat Covid-19. One thing that enabled them to do so in record time was the absence of patents covering the virus and the hundreds of thousands of genetic variants that have emerged since. Without a doubt, this patent-free zone contributed to the speed at which the scientific community was able to respond to this global threat."</span> <br /></p><p>The treatment of human genes in patent law is a topic that -- in our opinion -- has thus far not been adequately covered by mainstream law school journals or legal scholars, although there are signs that they may be awakening out of their slumber. See <a href="https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/book-talk-the-genome-defense" target="_blank">Book Talk: The Genome Defense: Inside the Epic Legal Battle to Determine Who Owns Your DNA</a>, <i>"Co-sponsored by the <a href="https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/">Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School</a>, <a href="https://hls.harvard.edu/library/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Harvard Law School Library</a>, and <a href="https://www.harvard.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Harvard Book Store</a>, which is a locally owned, independently run Cambridge landmark since 1932."</i></p><p>Sometimes it seems to us that mainstream law has preferred to focus on what some may consider to be "politically correct" dialogue on various human rights issues involving minorities of every description, ignoring much of the rest of the legal spectrum that applies to both minorities AND majorities. To put it differently, the law also has the duty to protect the rights of average citizens, genes included.<br /></p><p>While we do not deny the importance of human rights issues, there are many other important topics in our era that also deserve proper legal attention. The state of patent law as regards human genes is one such deserving topic. Indeed, we have been posting at LawPundit about the sad state of patent law in general for many years, and have specifically argued that human genes are an invention of "the Almighty" (insert the God of your belief here) and should not be patentable in any form, since human genes are not a human invention by any means.</p><p>We posted about the Myriad case already early in the court decision process. See <a href="https://lawpundit.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/myriad-human-gene-patent-case-vacated-and-remanded-by-u-s-supreme-court-in-light-of-prometheus/" target="_blank">Myriad Human Gene Patent Case Vacated and Remanded by U.S. Supreme Court in Light of Prometheus</a>, writing:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"The logic we suggest is: if you cleave an orange in two, you can not
claim the two orange halves as inventions, and so it is also with human
genes."</span></p>
<p>In <a href="https://lawpundit.wordpress.com/2012/12/01/are-human-genes-patentable-their-patentability-is-once-again-on-the-u-s-supreme-court-agenda/" target="_blank">Are Human Genes Patentable? Their Patentability is Once Again on the U.S. Supreme Court Agenda</a> we wrote about the patentability of genes as follows:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"<span style="font-size: large;">“Are human genes patentable?”</span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="font-size: large;">How can the answer be anything but NO? </span></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">As posted by Dennis Crouch of <a href="http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2012/11/supreme-court-has-granted-cert-in-the-myriad-case-question-are-human-genes-patentable.html" target="_blank">Patently-O, Supreme Court has Granted Cert in the Myriad Case, Question: Are Human Genes Patentable</a>.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Timothy B. Lee also has the story at Ars Technica in <a href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/11/supreme-court-to-rule-on-patentability-of-human-genes/">Supreme Court to rule on patentability of human genes</a>.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">We posted previously at LawPundit about this sordid legal farce of
greedy companies trying to cash in commercially by claiming “patent”
ownership of your genes and mine, as if the two halves of a cleaved
orange would be an “invention”‘:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><ul style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="http://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-unteachables-on-federal-circuit-if.html" target="_blank">The
Unteachables on the Federal Circuit: If Citizens Are Obligated to Obey
Laws They Do Not Agree With, Are Lower Courts Also Not Obligated to
Follow the Precedents of the United States Supreme Court Even if The
Judges Disagree?<br /></a></span></li><li><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="http://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2012/03/myriad-human-gene-patent-case-vacated.html">Myriad Human Gene Patent Case Vacated and Remanded by U.S. Supreme Court in Light of Prometheus</a></span></li></ul><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">It is time for the U.S. Supreme Court to put an end to this nonsense.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The Almighty, whoever that might be or have been, in whatever shape
or form, according to whatever religion you preach or not, “invented”
the genes, whether via evolution, or creation, or intelligent design,
whatever you believe,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">it makes no difference,</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">but the inventor was NOT some human in a laboratory.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">We hope the Supremes get that and make it clear to the recalcitrant
judges on the Federal Circuit who think everything is a human invention
worthy of monopolistic ownership for the profit of the few."</span><br /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">We also discussed the alleged difference between DNA and cDNA in <a href="https://lawpundit.wordpress.com/2013/02/09/can-human-genes-be-patented-u-s-supreme-court-answer-likely-to-be-no-but-the-ultimate-issue-down-the-road-is-the-patentability-of-cdna-complementary-dna-viz-is-a-split-hair-viz-spli/" target="_blank">Can Human Genes Be Patented? U.S. Supreme Court Answer Likely to Be "No", but the Ultimate Issue Down the Road is the Patentability of cDNA (Complementary DNA) viz. Is a Split Hair viz. Split Gene an Invention?</a>, writing:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">"Is an orange, a lemon, a fig or a tomato split in half and “peeled”,
“a patentable invention”? How about a tree split by a logger into
firewood? Patent-eligible? How about the patentability of a split hair? <br />Or
is the excerpt of a paragraph of text taken from a book “a new
patentable invention” just because it has been “lifted” from the
original whole?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">What will be the U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the
patentability of human genes and “split genes” in a case currently
before the Court as <a href="http://www.americanbar.org/publications/preview_home/12-398.html" target="_blank">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.</a>, Docket No., 12-398, Argument Date: TBD (“to be determined”), which presents the following question:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“QUESTION PRESENTED:<br />Many patients seek genetic testing to see if they have mutations in their<br />genes
that are associated with a significantly increased risk of breast or
ovarian cancer. Respondent Myriad Genetics obtained patents on two
human genes that correlate to this risk, known as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These
patents claim every naturally-occurring version of those genes,
including mutations, on the theory that Myriad invented something
patent–eligible simply by removing (“isolating”) the genes from the
body. Petitioners are primarily medical professionals who regularly use
routine, conventional genetic testing methods to examine genes, but
are prohibited from examining the human genes that Myriad claims to
own. This case therefore presents the following questions:</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">1. Are human genes patentable?</span></p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">
</span><p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">2. Did the court of appeals err in upholding a method claim by Myriad that<br />is irreconcilable with this Court’s ruling in Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012)?</span></p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">
</span><p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">3. Did the court of appeals err in adopting a new and inflexible rule,<br />contrary
to normal standing rules and this Court’s decision in MedImmune, Inc.
v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118 (2007), that petitioners who have been
indisputably deterred by Myriad’s “active enforcement” of its patent
rights nonetheless lack standing to challenge those patents absent
evidence that they have been personally threatened with an infringement
action?”</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">What has been invented by man? and what by God?</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson" target="_blank">James D. Watson</a> was the co-discoverer of genetic DNA together with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" target="_blank">Francis Crick</a>, and both he and Crick and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" target="_blank">Maurice Wilkins</a> won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine “for
their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids
and its significance for information transfer in living material“.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Watson has filed an <a href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/12-398_neither_amcu_watson.pdf" target="_blank">amicus (“friend of the court”) brief</a> in this case and has written there as follows:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #cc0000;">“Human genes should
not be patented…. First, a human gene is fundamentally unique–unlike any
ordinary “composition of matter.” A gene conveys information–the
instructions for life. As a product of nature, a human gene’s primary
purpose is to encode the information for creating proteins, enzymes,
cells, and all the other components that make us who we are…. Life’s
instructions ought not be controlled by legal monopolies created at the
whim of Congress or the courts.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #cc0000;">Second, much of what we known about human genes traces back to the
Human Genome Project, which was structured as a public works project,
intended to benefit everyone by deciphering our genetic code… [M]uch but
not all of the human genome was dedicated to the public…. It was a
mistake by the Patent Office to issue patents on human genes and a
mistake by those who filed for those patents.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #cc0000;">Third, human gene patents are not necessary to encourage scientists….
Innovation will be rewarded based on [developments in technologies
using human genes], not the patenting of the human gene….</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #cc0000;">“Human genes…are useful because they convey vital information…..”</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">In our view, awarding ANYONE any kind of patent or other monopoly on
this information, in whole or in part, is simply theft of that universal
information. What belongs to all is being stolen for the benefit of the
few. </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">In terms of the law and the patentability of inventions and
discoveries, when we talk about any form of human genes, we must ask:
where is “the inventive step” or the “non-obvious” human discovery
involved when “splitting” genes or “splitting” DNA that already exists?
Cutting things apart is not “a discovery”. Imagine if firewood were
patentable. Whatever is found was already there.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Andrew Torrance at SCOTUSblog in <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/02/nothing-under-the-sun-that-is-made-of-man/">Nothing under the sun that is made of man</a> suggests that the U.S. Supreme Court<b> “likely” will reject</b> the patenting of human genes in <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/association-for-molecular-pathology-v-myriad-genetics-inc/?wpmp_switcher=desktop" target="_blank">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.</a><br />[recommended citation at SCOTUSblog: Andrew Torrance, <i>Nothing under the sun that is made of man</i>, SCOTUSblog (Feb. 7, 2013, 12:24 PM), <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/02/nothing-under-the-sun-that-is-made-of-man/" rel="nofollow">http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/02/nothing-under-the-sun-that-is-made-of-man/</a> ] </span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>We agree.</b> See our previous postings on this topic <a href="http://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2012/03/myriad-human-gene-patent-case-vacated.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-unteachables-on-federal-circuit-if.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>Alas, however, that may not solve the “actual” practical legal
problem presented in this case, where a finding that human genes are not
patentable may not really resolve the real issue in this case.</b></span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">One must fear, in fact that the U.S. Supreme Court could follow the simplistic and errant line of argumentation of the<a href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/12-398_neither_amcu_us.pdf" target="_blank"> United States Government in its amicus brief</a> which concludes that:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">“The judgment of the
court of appeals should be affirmed insofar as it holds that cDNA is
patent-eligible, and reversed insofar as it holds that isolated but
otherwise unmodified DNA is patent-eligible.”</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The U.S. Government is thus urging that unmodified DNA be seen as a
product of nature, but “modified” DNA be seen as “an invention”, even if
that invention consists primarily of using and monopolizing code
information that has always been there in the original product of
nature.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">We ourselves would never tolerate such an illogically split result,
but it is a result which might be seen to provide Supreme Court Justices
with “an easy out” in this case, replacing individual critical thinking
by the judges.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">In this manner they could issue a holding meeting “popular” demand
that human genes are not patentable, but could at the same time then
nevertheless carve out a large and significant “hair-splitting” viz.
“gene-splitting” patent exception for “split-off” DNA. We might compare
this to a teaspoon of sugar spread on a split lemon. NOT found in
nature. Or we might compare it to a clipped paragraph from a book to
which proprietary introductory and closing texts are newly appended to
create “a new invention”.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">If such a terrible decision on the law were to issue from the current
U.S. Supreme Court, one would subsequently have no recourse but to
argue that even if cDNA were found patent-eligible (as “split” from
original human genes) it would nevertheless not be patentable because
the “splitting” is <b>obvious</b>.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Making patentability in this field dependent on the <b>obviousness</b>
of the splitting would, however, be a very unsatisfactory standard. To
government institutions such as the USPTO and the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit, apparently virtually “<b>NOTHING</b>” appears to be obvious.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The U.S. Government writes in its <a href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/12-398_neither_amcu_us.pdf" target="_blank">amicus brief</a> about cDNA as follows:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">“Petitioners contend (Br. 49-53) that cDNAs
are not patent-eligible because they contain the same protein-coding
information — i.e., exon sequences — as DNA in the body. But the
properties of any product originally derived from nature, including the
bacterium in <i>Chakrabarty</i>, can be traced to the operation of
natural principles. While the coding properties of cDNA molecules’ exons
are determined by nature, those properties operate within a molecule (a
DNA strand with the regulatory and intron regions spliced out) that
does not exist in nature and that has increased utility relative to
naturally occurring genetic materials or isolated but unmodified DNA.
The fact that a cDNA incorporates nucleotide sequences whose
significance is derived from nature therefore does not mean that the
molecule as a whole is a product of nature.<sup>5</sup> See <i>Diehr</i>, 450 U.S. at 187.”</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">
</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">__________</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">
</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><sup>5 </sup>It is possible that, given the
prevailing level of knowledge in biotechnological fields, future patent
applications directed to cDNAs and other synthesized DNA molecules may
rejected as obvious. 35 U.S.C. 103; see In re Kubin, 561 F.3d 1351,
1358-1361 (Fed. Cir. 2009).” </span></div>
</blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">If cDNA code information were found to be patent eligible in general
as being “split” from an original non-patentable gene (as if the coded
part were more patentable than the coded whole), the patent approach
pointed out in footnote 5 would then be the correct one as a patent
defense.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">It would then in fact be the ONLY defense remaining, since “creating” cDNA’s<br />— for those who want to call it “creating” rather than “splitting away from” —<br />is child’s play these days if you have the right kit.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Indeed, creating cDNA is so simply done that it has already generated
a lively market for “cDNA Synthesis Kits”. Just plug that term into
Google to view links to any number of them.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">We quote from the <a href="http://www.clontech.com/US/Products/cDNA_Synthesis_and_Library_Construction/cDNA_Synthesis_Kits/SMARTer_Kits" target="_blank">SMART cDNA Synthesis Kit description online</a>:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">“SMART (Switching Mechanism at 5’ End of RNA Template) is a unique technology that allows the efficient<b> incorporation of known sequences at both ends of cDNA during first strand synthesis, without adaptor ligation</b>. <b>The presence of these known sequences is crucial</b>
for a number of downstream applications including amplification, RACE,
and library construction. While a wide variety of technologies can be
employed to take advantage of these known sequences, the simplicity and
efficiency of the single-step SMART process permits unparalleled
sensitivity and ensures that full-length cDNA is generated and
amplified.“</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">As written at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>:</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="color: #cc0000;">“In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <b>complementary DNA</b> (<b>cDNA</b>) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> synthesized from a messenger RNA (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>) template in a reaction catalysed by the enzymes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase" title="DNA polymerase">DNA polymerase</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_DNA#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> cDNA is often used to clone <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>. When scientists want to express a specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> in a cell that does not normally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">express</a> that protein (i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterologous" title="Heterologous">heterologous</a> expression), they will transfer the cDNA that codes for the protein to the recipient cell. cDNA is also produced by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroviruses" title="Retroviruses">retroviruses</a> (such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-1" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-2" title="HIV-2">HIV-2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_Immunodeficiency_Virus" title="Simian Immunodeficiency Virus">Simian Immunodeficiency Virus</a>, etc.) which is integrated into its host’s genome where it creates a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">provirus</a>….</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">
</div><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Though there are several methods for doing so, cDNA is most often synthesized from mature (fully spliced) mRNA using the enzyme <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>. This enzyme operates on a single strand of mRNA, generating its complementary DNA based on the pairing of RNA <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> (A, U, G and C) to their DNA complements (T, A, C and G respectively).</span></div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">To obtain eukaryotic cDNA whose introns have been removed:</span></div>
<ol><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">A eukaryotic cell transcribes the DNA (from genes) into RNA (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-mRNA" title="Pre-mRNA">pre-mRNA</a>).</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">The same cell <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_modification" title="Post-transcriptional modification">processes</a> the pre-mRNA strands by removing introns, and adding a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">poly-A tail</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%27_cap" title="5' cap">5’ Methyl-Guanine cap</a>.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">This mixture of mature mRNA strands is extracted from the cell. The
Poly-A tail of the post transcription mRNA can be taken advantage of
with oligo(dT) beads in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_chromatography" title="Affinity chromatography">affinity chromatography</a> assay.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">A poly-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">T</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligonucleotide" title="Oligonucleotide">oligonucleotide</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_%28molecular_biology%29" title="Primer (molecular biology)">primer</a> is hybridized onto the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation" title="Polyadenylation">poly-A tail</a> of the mature mRNA template, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_hexamer" title="Random hexamer">random hexamer</a>
primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand
of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA (Reverse
transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start
its operation.)</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">Reverse transcriptase</a> is added, along with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxynucleotide_triphosphate" title="Deoxynucleotide triphosphate">deoxynucleotide triphosphates</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a>, T, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>, C). This synthesizes one complementary strand of DNA hybridized to the original mRNA strand.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">To synthesize an additional DNA strand, you need to digest the RNA of the hybrid strand, using an enzyme like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNase_H" title="RNase H">RNase H</a>, or through alkali digestion method.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">After digestion of the RNA, a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) is left
and because single stranded nucleic acids are hydrophobic, it tends to
loop around itself. It is likely that the ssDNA forms a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_loop" title="Hairpin loop">hairpin loop</a> at the 3′ end.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.</span></li><li><span style="color: #cc0000;">Now, you should be left with a double stranded cDNA with identical sequence as the mRNA of interest.</span></li></ol>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">The reverse transcriptase scans the
mature mRNA and synthesizes a sequence of DNA that complements the mRNA
template. This strand of DNA is complementary DNA.“</span></p></blockquote><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">In other words, cDNA is simply a modified form of mRNA that is
“created” from KNOWN coded information according to fixed rules that are
essentially the same for all cDNAs. There is NO INVENTION as such.
Unpatentable coded information is simply “reformatted”. That does not
make the info patentable.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">We ourselves would not find cDNA itself patent eligible in ANY form.
Rather, if anything should be patented here, it is the cDNA synthesis
kits — and ONLY these.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The correct decision in this case is to view human genes — as
explained by James D. Watson previously — as living strands of coded
information. The innumerable parts of that coded information make up a
gigantic book, i.e. the book of the coded instructions for life, for
making a human being. Taking a clip of that information out of that book
and perhaps cutting off the chapter heading or dropping the ending
period of a sentence still does not make that text or information a new
“invention” of any man or commercial undertaking.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">It remains at all times the SAME coded original information of nature, and hence is NOT patentable, in ANY form. So our opinion."</span><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-12875616921380097992021-10-20T19:23:00.000+02:002021-10-20T19:23:06.430+02:00Neolithic Northern Arabia Archaeoastronomical "Camel Site Decipherment Image" by Andis Kaulins Updated October 20, 2021<p>Please note:</p><p>The graphic Neolithic Northern Arabia Archaeoastronomical<br />"Camel Site Decipherment Image" by Andis Kaulins<br />presented in full in previous postings <br />was updated on October 20, 2021 with some additions<br />and improved color management of the figures,<br />thus, for example, retaining a clear view of the legs of the camel.</p><p>See the updated <a href="https://lawpundit.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-neolithic-rock-art-camel-site-in_19.html" target="_blank">decipherment</a>.</p><p><br /><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-72152624177130448072021-10-19T00:00:00.007+02:002021-10-20T19:17:44.037+02:00The Neolithic Rock Art "Camel Site" in Arabia Deciphered as Astronomy: Interactive Lesson #6: Our Full Decipherment Image<div><p>The Neolithic Rock Art "Camel Site" in Arabia Deciphered as Astronomy</p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><b>Please note: the graphic below<br />was updated with some corrected star placements on October 20, 2021.<br /></b></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Our Interactive Lesson #6 consists of our independent archaeoastronomical decipherment of the Rock Art so-called "Camel Site" located in Northern Arabia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is the last interactive lesson in this series of postings, which we will follow up with some explanatory postings about various aspects of our decipherment below. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are many unexpected surprises, especially for the era in question.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Look at the decipherment graphic and draw your own conclusions.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>The Neolithic Rock Art "Camel Site" in Arabia: <br />Interactive Lesson #6: Our Full Decipherment Image<br />The Camel Site Portrays the Night Starry Sky<br /><a href="https://ancientworldblog.blogspot.com/2021/10/the-camel-site-in-northern-arabia-ca.html" target="_blank">ca. 4800 B.C. by Figures</a></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Click on the graphic below<br />to obtain a larger, more readable image! </b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><b>Please note that the graphic below<br />was updated on October 20, 2021<br />with improved color management of the figures<br />and some corrected star placements<br /></b></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span><b></b></span></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOdyUgzmV9u4v2MS8BEzyDq4ryRMC9jag3R45FWkSbYOCzaLQicxwIxn4htUL6i-SvThnNpN0FI7IhTqEJm_cgEc7ySesvrsmPMY0ncin5Xpxb29hSsWq5fzQH5hsYVojo7ywo/s1140/Camel+Site+Deciphered+by+Andis+Kaulins+Okt+2021+Traben.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOdyUgzmV9u4v2MS8BEzyDq4ryRMC9jag3R45FWkSbYOCzaLQicxwIxn4htUL6i-SvThnNpN0FI7IhTqEJm_cgEc7ySesvrsmPMY0ncin5Xpxb29hSsWq5fzQH5hsYVojo7ywo/w640-h406/Camel+Site+Deciphered+by+Andis+Kaulins+Okt+2021+Traben.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span><b> </b></span><br /><p></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-44051128660079109432021-10-14T21:04:00.001+02:002021-10-14T21:07:47.645+02:00The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Arabia: Interactive Lesson #5: Auriga the Goatherd Left of Perseus and Cepheus, Cassiopeia, and Andromeda Right of Perseus<p>The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Arabia: Interactive Lesson #5: Auriga to the Left of Perseus and Carved Figures and Cupule Stars to the Right of Perseus</p><p>The stars of Auriga at the Camel Site are represented by the head of a goatherd with typical headdress, plus the head (and fleece ?) of an adult goat with several goat kids. This corroborates the correctness of our previous placement of the stars of Perseus to the right of Auriga. The fleece viz. the "wool" of Auriga is carved in the rock in an appropriate "ruffled" texture way. The adult goat appears to have several goat kids behind it, plus maybe a goat dog ("sheepdog") to the back left. </p><p style="text-align: center;">The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Arabia: Interactive Lesson #5<br />Auriga the Goatherd is to the Left of Perseus<br />Auriga includes a Goat head profile and several goat kids, plus goatherd dog.<br /> Cepheus, Cassiopeia, and Andromeda are to the Right of Perseus</p><p style="text-align: center;">Please click on the graphic below to obtain a larger image.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQhF8KtKVvkUJDtdjNzaeRlHhB0AB6ZD4KwsNNouQVBh9FQgMTnG0twBrHC3z7g6cR59-TqIZyazaZNil0zleTiMETxAMtIIKlyx2z9Fh_0lUwINUk1f5QOubOX0rXQXhFxsO5zA/s1140/Northern+Arabia+Camel+Site+Auriga+Perseus+right+side.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQhF8KtKVvkUJDtdjNzaeRlHhB0AB6ZD4KwsNNouQVBh9FQgMTnG0twBrHC3z7g6cR59-TqIZyazaZNil0zleTiMETxAMtIIKlyx2z9Fh_0lUwINUk1f5QOubOX0rXQXhFxsO5zA/w640-h406/Northern+Arabia+Camel+Site+Auriga+Perseus+right+side.bmp" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7TmAhxQLH0f-kgfoBwKdWjDmcVvGgzPG0oI6waoCFg8YQFCnSxl8m44UEZQmCy3W3JJSfefPB1O3YACh1e2xcLowkpw6c6jEC_huIcUL6u-owUb-AuEMTC6_F1P2Z0HHaimLeWQ/s942/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="942" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7TmAhxQLH0f-kgfoBwKdWjDmcVvGgzPG0oI6waoCFg8YQFCnSxl8m44UEZQmCy3W3JJSfefPB1O3YACh1e2xcLowkpw6c6jEC_huIcUL6u-owUb-AuEMTC6_F1P2Z0HHaimLeWQ/w640-h612/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p></p><p>The figures to the right of Perseus are more difficult to assign with certainty, as they are very strongly characterized by the megalithic style of carving figures within figures within figures, which makes identification more speculative.</p><p>We think those figures mark stars of what we moderns identify as the stellar constellations of Cepheus, Cassiopeia, wife of Cepheus, and their daughter Andromeda -- a heavenly family as it were -- whose origins, e.g., in Egypt, and even by mainstream archaeology, reach back far and at least into predynastic ("pre-Pharaoh") times. Just how old these heavenly figures assigned to groups of stars in the starry sky actually are -- nobody really knows, but it is clear from the Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Arabia that they are much older then previously thought by the mainstream of researchers.</p><p>Just as an aside:<br />We think the term Auriga originally meant "sheep, lamb" as arguably in
what we see as a hypothetical proto-Indo-European root found e.g. in
Latvian <a href="https://tezaurs.lv/mev/show?id=J_00790&field=mo_pier&hl=" target="_blank"><i>j</i></a><i><a target="Center">ē</a>r-</i> <a href="https://tezaurs.lv/mev/show?id=J_00790&field=mo_pier&hl=" target="Center">jēruk-</a>
(=*aurig-) meaning "of (a) lamb".</p><p>The Latin meaning of "charioteer" may
arise out of a linguistic confusion of "auriga" with e.g. the root of a
word like "quadriga" and similar terms, which at their root have the
meaning "yoke" in proto-Indo-European, as in archaic Latvian "<a href="https://tezaurs.lv/mev/show?id=J_00527&field=mo_pier&hl=" target="_blank">jūgs, jūg-</a>".</p><p>The next posting in this series is Interactive Lesson #6. </p><p>Can you already find the stars portrayed on the left side of the carved rock but not yet identified?</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-4120873983393919322021-10-10T14:56:00.001+02:002021-10-11T12:30:59.569+02:00The Camel Site in Northern Arabia: Interactive Lesson #4: More Figures at Perseus and Stars of the Camel Leg to the Left<p>The Camel Site in Arabia: Interactive Lesson #4: More Figures at Perseus and the Stars of the Leg to the Left</p><p>In the image below we see the figure of Perseus, and an additional coiled (?) figure below it -- above the Hyena -- that emerges when we look at the stone-carved figures in detail.</p><p style="text-align: center;">THE STARS OF PERSEUS (IN FULL) AT THE CAMEL SITE<br />AND THE STARS OF THE CAMEL'S LEG TO ITS LEFT<br /><br />Click on the image to view a larger image version. <br /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwwhKbCM6NEF61SeUkqZO6fdDwNppj12Lrzk14Z_anwORDNJ0iu9e2tATe7dWXOmC4AQMtj2Ag_-d4DRkLErHpZMxZIkYWp_jHwlRjG7lPSgBdXcIWFkxsWgN1mQgQj7BarqqQ/s1140/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+of+Perseus+Full.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwwhKbCM6NEF61SeUkqZO6fdDwNppj12Lrzk14Z_anwORDNJ0iu9e2tATe7dWXOmC4AQMtj2Ag_-d4DRkLErHpZMxZIkYWp_jHwlRjG7lPSgBdXcIWFkxsWgN1mQgQj7BarqqQ/w640-h406/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+of+Perseus+Full.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Perseus appears to wear a military-type (?) plumed hat and we can only ask ourselves if the figure below him is Medusa or a serpent-type figure, for this is very speculative and not perfectly clear. Such a hat is not likely to date back to 4800 B.C. Perhaps such figures were added later in time, in another era, by ancients who knew which stars the carved Camel Site represented in the sky.</p><p>Posting #5 of this decipherment series on the Camel Site of Northern Arabia follows, deciphering figures and stars to the right of Perseus, including the camel's leg to the right.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-39911490058351796332021-10-09T22:23:00.005+02:002021-10-10T23:14:38.377+02:00The Camel Site in Northern Arabia: Interactive Lesson #3: Where are the Stars of Perseus Marked by a Figure and Cupmarks? And Where is the Hyena?<p>Once one recognizes that the large camel at the Camel Site marks the Celestial Equator, the Celestial Meridian and the Celestial North Pole by its features...<br /></p><p>and if we also have a good idea of the date of the human stone carving work...</p><p><b>then the general positions of the stars at the Camel Site are inevitable</b>...</p><p>because their position is thereby determined by the major astronomical parameters.</p><p>The stars can not be elsewhere, and we can thus not place them subjectively, <br /></p><p>although it is also true, however, that individual stars may be difficult to identify with perfect certainty. Everything is not always as easy as it appears.<br /></p><p>We started out with the figure and cupmarks of the stars of Perseus because their placement at the Camel Site is eminently obvious. Just look at the Starry Night Pro star map below, a stellar map which we have already posted previously. Find Perseus on that star map and you will then know where to look for Perseus at the Camel Site stone relief.</p><p style="text-align: center;">THE STARRY SKY SECTION REPRESENTED AT THE CAMEL SITE<br />MARKS STARS AT AND ABOVE THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR ca. 4800 B.C.<br />Image clip 2021 A.D. by Andis Kaulins via <a href="https://www.starrynight.com/" target="_blank">Starry Night Pro astronomy software</a></p><div style="text-align: center;"> Click on the image to view a larger image version. <br />(image updated on 7 October 2021)<br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfAUUGeiRXtvOz4J0r1qF8WtqMQeqeYQ3gBrmrEGcgwSrEcDI3RELiiEb-dQe-s7GGvigVbXnbba4m8TCqePk0nLvN1kYo7wJjdE3RoCZsbGlLI0xNZtZvSy1EPR8UU5dLFNGbg/s942/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="942" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKfAUUGeiRXtvOz4J0r1qF8WtqMQeqeYQ3gBrmrEGcgwSrEcDI3RELiiEb-dQe-s7GGvigVbXnbba4m8TCqePk0nLvN1kYo7wJjdE3RoCZsbGlLI0xNZtZvSy1EPR8UU5dLFNGbg/w640-h612/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" width="640" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;">As one can see from above, Perseus is to the far right of the Vernal Equinox on that 4800 B.C. star map and that is where we expect to find Perseus represented on the large camel at the Camel Site ... and so it is, as seen below.<br /></p><p style="text-align: center;">THE CAMEL SITE MARKS THE STARS OF PERSEUS<br />TO THE RIGHT OF THE VERNAL EQUINOX in 4800 B.C.<br />AND ITS LOWER STARS SHOW A HYENA NIPPING AT THE HEEL OF THE CAMEL<br />We have <a href="https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/horusfalconcultasastronomy/" target="_blank">previously written</a> that:<br />"<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Significant for our discussion of ancient celestial poles<br />is the fact that
the Arabic Bedouins in Egypt, instead of
a dragon,<br />saw a circle of camels at
heaven’s center that was being attacked
by hyenas.</span>"<a href="https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/%20horusfalconcultasastronomy/" target="_blank"><br />https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/horusfalconcultasastronomy/</a></p><p style="text-align: center;"> Click on the image to view a larger image version. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouyUGevUJdmaC904JEwM8S_65uqkjtdxDyz_iRe4YaGMDQmCAcDtu8eUH-f3V2KIeQ8A7ZOmXTnCng06bR5achb4da9ai585FY5m-M_l6b8UKrCXAc1ytrbyi1MzPQMdvL7hpOw/s1140/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+of+Perseus+and+Hyena+at+Camels+Heel.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjouyUGevUJdmaC904JEwM8S_65uqkjtdxDyz_iRe4YaGMDQmCAcDtu8eUH-f3V2KIeQ8A7ZOmXTnCng06bR5achb4da9ai585FY5m-M_l6b8UKrCXAc1ytrbyi1MzPQMdvL7hpOw/w640-h406/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+of+Perseus+and+Hyena+at+Camels+Heel.png" width="640" /></a><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;">The arguably older representation is the tapered relief-carved figure of Perseus.<br />The arguably younger presentation consists of cupmarks<br />(carved holes in stone) of the brighter stars of Perseus,<br />as still used in modern astronomy to portray the figure of Perseus in the sky.</p><p style="text-align: center;">The hyena at the heel of the camel -- supporting ancient heavenly depiction --<br />is proof of the correctness of our decipherment of "The Camel Site" in Arabia.</p><p style="text-align: center;"> Lesson #4 is forthcoming in the next posting.</p><p style="text-align: center;"> <br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-11301888878167272332021-10-07T16:11:00.004+02:002021-10-07T17:14:43.700+02:00The Camel Site in Northern Arabia: Interactive Lesson #2: What is the Camel Carrying? The Camel Carries the Starry Sky<p>The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Northern Arabia as Astronomy:<br />Interactive Lesson #2:<br />What is the Camel Carrying?<br />The camel carries the starry sky.</p><p>The mid-center Celestial Meridian as the prominent left foreleg of the camel and the top of the camel's hump at the location of the North Celestial Pole indicate that the camel carries the stars in the sky, i.e. the vault of heaven.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg92UQv-KJYGFvtbTt-O7N-7tdF2HjUn76uQ5k5KY_OzAwzUHK9OCyL9_8MMYCBZ5-2OP2P_kHwJZ30f82NMTFuCnVctzhrW854auPgC5_fRYQ2_tU4iSrfRXl4WP4zZcvaAJCx/s1140/Arabia+Camel+Site+Celestial+Meridian+North+Celestial+Pole+bw.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg92UQv-KJYGFvtbTt-O7N-7tdF2HjUn76uQ5k5KY_OzAwzUHK9OCyL9_8MMYCBZ5-2OP2P_kHwJZ30f82NMTFuCnVctzhrW854auPgC5_fRYQ2_tU4iSrfRXl4WP4zZcvaAJCx/w640-h406/Arabia+Camel+Site+Celestial+Meridian+North+Celestial+Pole+bw.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Arab sources of antiquity place the camel at a position near the North Celestial Pole. Citing to Richard Hinckley's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Star-Names-Their-Lore-Meaning/dp/0486210790" target="_blank">Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning</a> (Dover edition, 1963)</p>We have <a href="https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/horusfalconcultasastronomy/" target="_blank">previously written</a> that:
<p></p><blockquote>"<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Significant for our discussion of ancient celestial poles is the fact that
the Arabic Bedouins in Egypt, instead of
a dragon, saw a circle of camels at
heaven’s center that was being attacked
by hyenas.</span>"</blockquote>See:<br /><a href="https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/ horusfalconcultasastronomy/" target="_blank">https://megalithicworld.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/horusfalconcultasastronomy/</a><p></p><p>Before we present our decipherments, the reader may try to identify
stars represented at the Camel Site by carved figures and holes carved
in stone to represent bright stars or groups of bright stars. Good luck!<br /></p><p>Groups of stars can be represented by figures, as we still do in modernity by the stellar constellations.</p><p>But stars can also be represented individually by "cupmarks" (cupules, holes carved in stone to represent stars).</p><p>Usually -- the larger the hole, the brighter the magnitude of the star.</p><p>Please note:</p><p>The carved figures at the Camel Site are likely to be older than the identifiable cupmarks, which appear to be younger, because they cover less space than the corresponding figures. We see this at the representation of the stars of Perseus, which we add to our decipherment image in the next posting.</p><p>This same phenomenon is found at sites such as Lascaux in France -- but, to our knowledge, is something not recognized by mainstream archaeologists -- where cave paintings cover rocks that were already previously carved to mark the same stars as the later paintings.</p><p>People often see what they want to see or things easy to see ... and miss the rest. No less an observer than Albert Einstein said that he had little patience with scientists who drilled only where the drilling is easy.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-88020590883265065592021-10-07T00:55:00.001+02:002021-10-07T14:28:12.318+02:00The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Northern Arabia as Astronomy: Interactive Lesson #1: Where does the Camel Stand? It Stands on the Celestial Equator<div><p><span style="color: red;"><i>The Neolithic Rock Art Camel Site in Northern Arabia as Astronomy:<br />Interactive Lesson #1:<br />Where does the Camel Stand?<br />It Stands on the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=celestial+equator&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target="_blank">Celestial Equator</a></i></span><br /></p><p>Our interactive decipherment begins with a clip of the section of sky that we regard to be represented by carved figures and cupmarks at "The Camel Site"<br />-- figures and holes carved in stone to mark bright stars viz. star groups.</p><p>The starry sky corresponding to the stars represented by the Camel Site is found<br />in the image below -- applying to stars ca. at or above the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=celestial+equator&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target="_blank">Celestial Equator</a> <b>on which the camel stands</b> ... carrying the heavens. Our image clip from <a href="https://www.starrynight.com/" target="_blank">Starry Night Pro astronomy software</a> is the year 4800 B.C., close to the dates of ca. 5600 to 5200 BCE estimated by archaeologists for human inhabitation of the site.</p><p style="text-align: center;">THE STARRY SKY SECTION REPRESENTED AT THE CAMEL SITE<br />MARKS STARS AT AND ABOVE THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR ca. 4800 B.C.<br />Image clip 2021 A.D. by Andis Kaulins via <a href="https://www.starrynight.com/" target="_blank">Starry Night Pro astronomy software</a></p><p style="text-align: center;"> Click on the image to view a larger image version. <br />(image updated on 7 October 2021)<br /> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAX3gBaALlwqyHR4_rUyBFTc4BDg6VLbGNWPvvd2spKWAlUnqGJmNfq8B0W12XYf_E9RbvRcvSkXLyEpQ5_cqRalZ8F5A836ne9j3Jm5tbpKwb3REJQXyhAIx_IXI4G9q56SkRQ/s942/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="942" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAX3gBaALlwqyHR4_rUyBFTc4BDg6VLbGNWPvvd2spKWAlUnqGJmNfq8B0W12XYf_E9RbvRcvSkXLyEpQ5_cqRalZ8F5A836ne9j3Jm5tbpKwb3REJQXyhAIx_IXI4G9q56SkRQ/w640-h612/Arabia+Camel+Site+Stars+24+January++4800+BC.png" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;">The Celestial Equator in the star map above is the red nearly horizontal line running through the Vernal Equinox. The Celestial Equator at the Camel Site is the line drawn below -- and identified by us -- upon which the camel stands:</p><p style="text-align: center;">THE CAMEL SITE CELESTIAL EQUATOR ON WHICH THE CAMEL STANDS</p><p style="text-align: center;">Click on the image to view a larger image version. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXFICUUYi4HtqskGcebEBwxGD2GXR_ToEO-ozKe2sDjtmlTzCcgCa2SnHkSGBcz0siL2YfSVcMAuOTG5qDYB54D3dJpK1D4LCFR2xtUeWiSY4vnn1ud0vMMzgKeuj0KP0SDp9XA/s1140/Arabia+Camel+Site+Celestial+Equator+Labelled.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1140" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRXFICUUYi4HtqskGcebEBwxGD2GXR_ToEO-ozKe2sDjtmlTzCcgCa2SnHkSGBcz0siL2YfSVcMAuOTG5qDYB54D3dJpK1D4LCFR2xtUeWiSY4vnn1ud0vMMzgKeuj0KP0SDp9XA/w640-h406/Arabia+Camel+Site+Celestial+Equator+Labelled.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>That line provides the foundation for the astronomical decipherment. Once such an important astronomical parameter is correctly identified, the rest follows. </p><p><b>See if you can now identify the stars represented at the Camel Site without referring to our decipherment. You have the star map above.</b><br /></p><p>This posting begins a series of experimental interactive
presentations of our recent, independent, and unaffiliated
archaeoastronomical decipherment of the so-called archaeological "Camel
Site" in Northern Arabia...<br /></p><p>as that site is described by the following authors<br />Maria
Guagnin, Guillaume Charloux, Abdullah M. AlSharekh, Rémy Crassard,
Yamandú H. Hilbert, Meinrat O. Andreae, Abdullah AlAmri, Frank Preusser,
Fulbert Dubois, Franck Burgos, Pascal Flohr, Pascal Mora, Ahmad
AlQaeed, and Yasser AlAli...</p><p>in their article<b><i><br />Life-sized Neolithic camel sculptures in Arabia: A scientific assessment of the craftsmanship and age of the Camel Site reliefs</i></b>,<b>
Journal of Archaeological Science</b>: <b>Reports, 2021, 103165, ISSN 2352-409X</b> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103165" target="_blank"><br />https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103165</a> as found published online at...<br /><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X21003771" target="_blank"><br />https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X21003771</a>.<br /></p><p>More Camel Site photos are also published at Artnet.com in <a href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-saudi-arabian-camel-carvings-are-actually-older-than-stonehenge-and-the-pyramids-of-giza-2012754" target="_blank">Thousands of Years Before the Pyramids, Neolithic Peoples Were Carving Camels into Saudi Arabia’s Rocky Desert</a>, an article by Sarah Cascone online at :</p><p><a href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-saudi-arabian-camel-carvings-are-actually-older-than-stonehenge-and-the-pyramids-of-giza-2012754">https://news.artnet.com/art-world/ancient-saudi-arabian-camel-carvings-are-actually-older-than-stonehenge-and-the-pyramids-of-giza-2012754</a><br /></p><p>In
order to avoid copyright image issues -- we make our own drawings for
use in the course of our decipherment and refer readers to original
photographs in the above cited sources for review. We have no
affiliation with any of the above. <br /></p><p>We now look at the Celestial Meridian and Celestial North Pole in Lesson #2, i.e. the next posting. The question is: What is the Camel Carrying?<br /></p></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-32647705125845346232021-07-30T12:08:00.006+02:002021-08-09T11:06:28.024+02:00From Legislated Laws to Natural Laws: General Relativity Theory of Albert Einstein Proven Again as Stanford University Astronomers Detect Surrounding Light in Space Bent Behind the Black Hole I Zwicky 1From Legislated Laws to Natural Laws
<p>Once again, Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity has been proven right, as Stanford University astronomers have detected for the first time ever that light surrounding a black hole in space (I Zwicky 1) is bent around that black hole and comes into view at its back, as predicted by Einstein's theory "<span style="color: #3d85c6;">that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity</span>" (Libertore).</p><p>Stacy Liberatore has the story at <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9835851/Scientists-observe-light-coming-black-hole-time.html">Dailymail.com</a> with useful accompanying graphics. The original article, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03667-0" target="_blank">Light bending and X-ray echoes from behind a supermassive black hole</a>, was published in Nature magazine just two days ago.<br /></p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">See: Wilkins, D.R., Gallo, L.C., Costantini, E. <i>et al.</i> Light bending and X-ray echoes from behind a supermassive black hole.
<i>Nature</i> <b>595, </b>657–660 (2021). <a class="vglnk" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03667-0" rel="nofollow"><span>https</span><span>://</span><span>doi</span><span>.</span><span>org</span><span>/</span><span>10</span><span>.</span><span>1038</span><span>/</span><span>s41586</span><span>-</span><span>021</span><span>-</span><span>03667</span><span>-</span><span>0</span></a></p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-external="" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41586-021-03667-0?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use xlink:href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03667-0?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100032693&utm_content=deeplink#global-icon-download"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item">Received<span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2020-08-14"> 14 August 2020</time></span></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item">Accepted<span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-05-24"> 24 May 2021</time></span></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item">Published<span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-07-28"> 28 July 2021</time></span></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item">Issue Date<span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2021-07-29"> 29 July 2021</time></span></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--doi"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI </abbr><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><a data-track-action="view doi" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03667-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03667-0</a></span></p></li></ul>
For more, see our blog, <a href="https://einsteinsvoice.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Einstein's Voice</a>.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-85994329409190824252021-07-27T01:10:00.000+02:002021-07-27T01:10:37.428+02:00NCAA Student-Athletes Representing Over 100 Nations are Participating at the Currently Ongoing Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo Japan<p>More than 1000 (!) NCAA student-athletes<br />of U.S. colleges and universities <br />-- <b>representing more than 100 countries around the world</b> --<br />are participating in the current 2021<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=olympic+games+2020+tokyo" target="_blank"><br />"2020" Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan</a>.<br /><br />For the stories see:</p><p><a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-21/ncaa-student-athletes-2020-summer-olympics" target="_blank">NCAA student-athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics</a><br /><a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-21/ncaa-student-athletes-2020-summer-olympics">https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-21/ncaa-student-athletes-2020-summer-olympics</a></p><p> and</p><p><a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-26/olympic-medal-tracker-ncaa-student-athletes-tokyo" target="_blank">Olympic medal tracker for NCAA student-athletes in Tokyo</a><br /><a href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-26/olympic-medal-tracker-ncaa-student-athletes-tokyo">https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2021-07-26/olympic-medal-tracker-ncaa-student-athletes-tokyo<br /><br /></a>
That global stat tells us something very positive about the state of the world<br />-- regardless of the Olympic nay-sayers.<br /><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" target="_blank">The Olympic spirit, as envisioned by the Ancient Greeks</a>,<br />is alive and well as a positive example<br />of the global cooperation and work<br />that is possible among humankind.</p><p>It urges us all,<br />and our planet's young generations especially,<br />to forge onward toward the creation of a better and more peaceful world.<br /></p><p>Or, as the recently passed Prince Philip was quoted to say<br />as a general wisdom applicable to everyone....<br />Don't drop your countenance....<br />"<b><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/apr/12/prince-philip-royals-get-on-with-job-william-harry" target="_blank">Get on with it</a></b>" and do your job.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-59033272705966126632021-07-05T10:51:00.001+02:002021-07-05T10:52:00.758+02:00Copyrights and Digital Tokens: NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens, e.g. in Digital Art) and Fungible Tokens (e.g. Cryptocurrency)Fungible and non-fungible "tokens" have emerged as new forms of digital assets first popularized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency" target="_blank">cryptocurrency</a> (fungible, i.e. interchangeable tokens) and followed by non-interchangeable NFTs, Non-Fungible Tokens, e.g. in digital art.<br /><p style="text-align: justify;">As written at the BBC in <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-56371912" target="_blank">What are NFTs and why are some worth millions?</a>: </p><blockquote>"<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Digital tokens can be thought of as certificates of ownership for virtual or physical assets.</span>"</blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cryptocurrency is controversial. "<b>Caveat Emptor!</b>" (Buyer Beware!).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">As for the newly emergent NFTs (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Fungible_Token" target="_blank">Non-Fungible Tokens</a>), it is important to recognize that they are separate from copyrights. As explained at the Wikipedia:</p><p></p><blockquote> "<span style="color: #3d85c6;">A <b>non-fungible token</b> (<b>NFT</b>) is a unit of data stored on a digital <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">ledger</a>, called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, that certifies a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_asset" title="Digital asset">digital asset</a> to be unique and therefore not interchangeable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:32_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token#cite_note-:32-1">[1]</a></sup>
NFTs can be used to represent items such as photos, videos, audio, and
other types of digital files.... NFTs are tracked
on blockchains to provide the owner with a proof of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> that is separate from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>.</span>" .... </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>"<span style="color: #3d85c6;">The unique identity and ownership of an NFT is verifiable via the blockchain ledger.
Ownership of the NFT is often associated with a license to use the
underlying digital asset, but generally does not confer copyright to the
buyer: some agreements only grant a license for personal,
non-commercial use, while other licenses also allow commercial use of
the underlying digital asset.</span>"</blockquote><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mondaq_10-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fungible_token#cite_note-mondaq-10"></a></sup><p></p><p></p><p> Harrison Jordan at TechCrunch in "<a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/16/no-nfts-arent-copyrights/" target="_blank">No, NFTs aren't copyrights</a>", writes:</p><blockquote><p>"<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[T]he reality of NFT ownership is much more complicated than one might
imagine. As a new crypto asset class, NFTs appear to exist almost
unbound by current regulatory systems. But when combined with art, there
are overlaps to consider. Understanding the legal pitfalls of the
contemporary NFT ecosystem is the first step in unlocking its potential....</span> <br /></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The NFT purchaser owns nothing more than a unique hash on the blockchain
with a transactional record and a hyperlink to the file of the artwork.</span>"</p></blockquote><p>Digital tokens represent brave, new digital AND legal worlds and it probably behoves us all to keep informed about them.<br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5957282.post-73305326167213914922021-07-01T12:02:00.002+02:002021-07-01T13:17:11.575+02:00The Exploitation of College Student-Athletes Limited by the U.S. Supreme Court, Leading to a Landmark Change by the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Regarding Permissible Player Compensation<p style="text-align: justify;">At the New York Times in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/21/us/supreme-court-ncaa-student-athletes.html" target="_blank">Supreme Court Backs Payments to Student-Athletes in N.C.A.A. Case</a>, Adam Liptak and Alan Blinder write that:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The Supreme Court <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf" target="_blank" title="">unanimously ruled</a> ... that the N.C.A.A. could not bar relatively modest <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/sports/ncaabasketball/college-athletes-pay.html" title="">payments to student-athletes</a> ... [in] a college sports system that generates huge sums for schools but provides little or no compensation to the players.</span></blockquote></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In a concurring opinion to the Court's unanimous 9-0 decision, Justice Kavanaugh said it best (<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/slipopinion/20" target="_blank">National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston</a>):</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Nowhere else in America can businesses get away with agreeing not to pay their workers a fair market rate on the theory that their product is defined by not paying their workers a fair market rate. And under ordinary principles of antitrust law, it is not evident why college sports should be any different. The NCAA is not above the law.</span></blockquote></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The regrettable exploitation of college student-athletes has been a topic at LawPundit for the last 10 years, as we have loudly challenged the notion that colleges and universities can forcibly impose an "obey or not play" "amateur status" on their student-athletes to subsequently deny them various kinds of compensation for their efforts.</p><p>See some of our postings about sports and the <a href="https://lawpundit.wordpress.com//?s=ncaa&search=Go">NCAA</a> generally.</p><p><a href="https://lawpundit.wordpress.com/2019/08/06/the-largest-ever-news-blackout-in-the-western-world-still-going-strong-as-many-u-s-newspapers-boycott-europes-data-protection-law/" target="_blank">We quote here</a> from a previous posting of ours as follows:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="color: #3d85c6;">[C]ollege athletes are being exploited to the hilt [while] coaches ... command princely salaries so high that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.de/highest-paid-public-job-every-state-college-football-basketball-2018-3?r=US&IR=T" target="_blank">the highest paid government employee in most every state</a> is a head college sports coach. So writes Matthew Michaels in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.de/highest-paid-public-job-every-state-college-football-basketball-2018-3?r=US&IR=T" target="_blank">Business Insider,</a> “<span>The highest-paid public employee in most states is a college football or basketball coach, according to a new report from </span><a href="http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/22454170/highest-paid-state-employees-include-ncaa-coaches-nick-saban-john-calipari-dabo-swinney-bill-self-bob-huggins" target="_blank">ESPN</a>.”)</span></blockquote><p></p><p>The NCAA has now begun to see the writing on the wall, not only because of the Supreme Court decision cited above, but also because of impending State laws impacting player compensation. Alan Blinder has the story at the New York Times in <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/sports/ncaabasketball/ncaa-nil-rules.html" target="_blank">College Athletes May Earn Money From Their Fame, N.C.A.A. Rules</a>. As Blinder writes:<a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_new_7mi8.pdf">National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;"></span></p><blockquote><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The N.C.A.A. agreed ... to allow college athletes across the country to capitalize off their fame for the first time. The decision will allow students from coast to coast to strike endorsement deals, profit off their social media accounts, sell autographs and otherwise make money from their names, images and likenesses, potentially directing millions of dollars to college athletes every year....</span><span style="color: #3d85c6;"><p>The [Division I Board of Directors] acted less than 12 hours before state laws designed to
challenge the N.C.A.A.’s generations-old rules were scheduled to begin
taking effect from Alabama to Oregon.</p></span></blockquote><p> <br /></p><span style="color: #3d85c6;"></span><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com